Downing, Leon

Downing, who holds a doctorate in environmental engineering from the University of Notre Dame and bachelor’s degrees from the University of Wisconsin - Platteville, has a track record of studying and implementing innovative nutrient removal solutions. Over 15 years ago, his doctoral research focused on membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABR), now among the industry’s most-discussed emerging technologies, due to their ability to intensify treatment and reduce energy use.

A founding member of the Water Environment Federation’s (WEF) “Biofilm Interest Group,” Downing remains at the forefront of biofilm-based treatment technologies. He also is part of several Water Research Foundation research projects focused on next-generation biological nutrient removal and serves as principal investigator for two projects focused on enhanced biological phosphorus removal and low dissolved oxygen, helping clients obtain resilient, low-cost nutrient removal processes.

Titles from this speaker

Description: Diversifying Carbon for Phosphorus Removal: Understanding RAS Fermentation and...

Diversifying Carbon for Phosphorus Removal: Understanding RAS Fermentation and S2EBPR

Abstract

Management of the global phosphorus cycle is crucial for long-term sustainability. Water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) play a critical role in in the phosphorus control and balance in many watersheds throughout North America, and the discharge of soluble and other bioavailable forms of phosphorus from WRRFs has a global impact on soluble-nutrient balances in the water cycle.
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is one key process applied to remove phosphorus from the liquid discharges at WRRFs. Through EBPR, phosphorus is concentrated from the wastewater into the biosolids stream, where it can be recovered in biosolids or extracted as a fertilizer product. Recycling phosphorus in this way helps close the phosphorus cycle without discharging phosphorus into waterbodies. Over the past 50 years, EBPR has evolved from an unexplained phenomenon to a widely adopted process that is simultaneously praised for its efficiency and environmental soundness and, cursed for its instability. Understanding of the process has never been complete, but recent advances in the research and interests in alternative processes at the facility mean the time has come to enhance water-sector understanding with the latest knowledge of EBPR ecology, functionality, and design. One of the key innovations for phosphorus removal has been the adoption of sidestream EBPR (S2EBPR) concepts into the design of EBPR facilities. These concepts focus on fermentative activity of phosphate accumulation organisms (PAOs) to drive EBPR, often in sidestream reactors. These sidestream reactors focus on hydrolysis of a portion of return activated sludge (RAS) or mixed liquor (ML) to select for PAOs and drive phosphorus removal. Conventional design EBPR focused on providing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) to PAOs in an influent anaerobic zone. As an alternative, RAS fermentation diverts a portion of RAS flow to a longer hydraulic retention time (HRT) sidestream reactor. In this sidestream reactor, biomass and particulate COD is fermented to generate the VFA required for PAO metabolism. In a strict RAS fermentation reactor, this results is selection of PAO metabolism without direct use of influent readily biodegradable COD (rbCOD) or VFA. In a carbon focused wastewater paradigm, this provides increased flexibility for COD diversion and capture; use of influent rbCOD for nitrogen removal; and potentially more stable phosphorus removal due to a lack of sensitivity to influent COD characteristics.
This presentation will present the most recent results from Water Research Foundation project 4975, which is focused on developing practical guidelines for fermentative phosphorus removal processes. An overview of the project and concepts will be presented, with a focus on carbon balance and carbon sources for EBPR. Three case studies will then be presented, each with a different focus: â€¢RAS fermentation and the importance of effluent nitrate (Figure 1) â€¢RAS fermentation with carbon addition and the approach to developing an EBPR carbon balance (Figure 2) â€¢Mixed liquor fermentation and impacts of low DO operation (Figure 3) Attendees will be exposed to operational experience, as well as take home messages about designing for fermentation processes in EBPR systems. Example design curves for a facility will be presented (Figure 4) with an explanation of the design approach for RAS fermentation.

Attendees will be exposed to operational experience, as well as take home messages about designing for fermentation processes in EBPR systems. Example design curves for a facility will be presented with an explanation of the design approach for RAS fermentation. More details related to RAS fermentation will be available in WRF Report 4975, set to be published in January 2023.

SpeakerDowning, Leon

Presentation time

08:35:00

08:50:00

Session time

08:30:00

10:00:00

TopicAdvanced Level, Facility Operations and Maintenance, Municipal Wastewater Treatment Design, Nutrients, Research and Innovation

Author(s)

Downing, Leon

Author(s)Leon Downing1; Patrick Dunlap2; Eric Redmond3; James Barnard4

Author affiliation(s)Black & Veatch1; Black & Veatch2; Black & Veatch3; Black & Veatch4

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Oct 2022

DOI10.2175/193864718825158499

Volume / Issue

Content sourceWEFTEC

Word count11

Description: Exploring the Carbon Balance in a Sidestream Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal...

Exploring the Carbon Balance in a Sidestream Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (S2EBPR) Demonstration Facility

Abstract

Introduction
Conventional design of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) focuses on providing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) to phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) in an influent anaerobic zone. As an alternative, sidestream EBPR (S2EBPR) diverts a portion of RAS flow to a longer hydraulic retention time (HRT) sidestream reactor. In this sidestream reactor, biomass and particulate COD is fermented to generate the VFA required for PAO metabolism. In a strict RAS fermentation reactor, this results in selection of PAO metabolism without direct use of influent readily biodegradable COD (rbCOD) or VFA. In a carbon focused wastewater paradigm, this provides increased flexibility for COD diversion and capture; use of influent rbCOD for nitrogen removal; and potentially more stable phosphorus removal due to a lack of sensitivity to influent COD characteristics. In addition, moving the PAO selection to the sidestream provides increased infrastructure flexibility for incorporation of EBPR into existing facilities. The Wisconsin Rapids Wastewater Treatment Plant (WRWWTP) began pilot testing of RAS fermentation in April 2021. The facility moved through a series of operational setpoints (Figure 1) to optimize phosphorus removal. One of the keys was the addition of a cranberry waste to provide additional carbon for RAS fermentation. By the end of the testing period, effluent total phosphorus was averaging less than 0.4 mg/L with no chemical addition (Figure 2).
Carbon Balance Exploration
To better understand why the S2EBRP configuration was working at the WRWWTP, a series of bench-scale tests were completed to explore the carbon balance for the facility. Batch RAS fermentation rate tests were completed as previously described (WRF Project UR13). The fermentation rate tests provided an indication of the amount of soluble biodegradable COD (sbCOD) produced per mass of volatile solids in the fermenter. On average, a fermentation rate of 1.5 mg sbCOD/g vss-hr was observed over the testing period (Figure 3). This is a critical piece of information, as it provides insight into how much carbon can be released from RAS fermentation. Phosphorus release and uptake rate testing (Figure 4) provided insight into the use of carbon by PAOs in the system. As EBPR was established, the sbCOD:P ratio was reduced to 13:1 (Figure 5).
This information provides insight into the ratio of carbon required by PAOs in the S2EBPR reactor. The last set of batch experiments explored the phosphorus release rate of the ecology with various external carbon sources. The full-scale system was fed a cranberry juice wastewater, with was dominated by sugars. During bench scale testing, the cranberry juice exhibited the highest release rate of the three carbon sources tested (Figure 6). This difference is likely driven by an adaption of the ecology to the carbon source, and not specifically tied to the cranberry juice. Although, cranberry juice is well noted for its overall health benefits, and the antioxidants from Wisconsin grown cranberries may provide additional benefits to PAOs. But this detail was not explored during this research. The bench scale testing provided the information to complete the carbon mass balance for an S2EBPR system (Figure 7). Using the measured rates, the sbCOD deficiency can be calculated. If a deficiency is occurring, a reduced level of effluent phosphorus removal performance would be anticipated. If the deficiency is zero, or if extra carbon is available in the RAS fermenter, effluent phosphorus concentrations should be reduced. As shown in Figure 8, the mass balance around carbon correlated to observed effluent phosphorus performance.
Benefits and Significance
This presentation will provide a detailed review of an extensive testing of S2EBPR. The following benefits will be provided to the audience: - High-level review of bench testing protocols - Value proposition for adding bench testing to operational data for EBPR and S2EBPR facilities - Outline of how to complete a carbon balance for an S2EBPR facility - Target values for fermentation and sbCOD:TP in S2EBPR facilities These results will be significant for anyone planning, designing, or operating an EBPR facility.

This presentation will provide a detailed review of an extensive testing of S2EBPR. The following benefits will be provided to the audience: - High-level review of bench testing protocols - Value proposition for adding bench testing to operational data for EBPR and S2EBPR facilities - Outline of how to complete a carbon balance for an S2EBPR facility - Target values for fermentation and sbCOD:TP in S2EBPR facilities

SpeakerDowning, Leon

Presentation time

09:25:00

09:40:00

Session time

08:30:00

10:00:00

TopicAdvanced Level, Facility Operations and Maintenance, Municipal Wastewater Treatment Design, Nutrients, Research and Innovation

Author(s)

Downing, Leon

Author(s)Ryan Giefer1; Derek Budsberg2; Stefania Marroquin3; Leon Downing4

Author affiliation(s)City of Wisconsin Rapids1; City of Wisconsin Rapids2; Black & Veatch3; Black & Veatch4

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Oct 2022

DOI10.2175/193864718825158533

Volume / Issue

Content sourceWEFTEC

Word count15

Description: Nitrification Kinetics of a Full-scale, Low DO Activated Sludge System: Online...

Nitrification Kinetics of a Full-scale, Low DO Activated Sludge System: Online Monitoring for Process Analysis and Operational Training

Abstract

Black & Veatch (BV) in collaboration with the Trinity River Authority of Texas (TRA) at the Central Regional Wastewater System treatment plant (CRWS) developed an implementation plan of the in-tank nitrification rate (INR) reactor. Nitrification rate testing is a tool to assist with early identification of process health and identify variability in nitrification kinetics in a low dissolved oxygen (DO) activated sludge system. The TRA CRWS facility currently operates the secondary system in a low DO environment with ammonium-based airflow controls (ABAC). A low DO comammox Nitrospira nitrifying community has been documented at the facility. The INR reactor was proposed as a measure that allows TRA CRWS operation to monitor the health of the overall activated sludge bacterial community health continuously without adding the burden of monitoring and sampling on the operators.

The following conference paper was presented at WEFTEC 2021, October 16-20, 2021. To read the full abstract, see "Abstract" tab below.

SpeakerDowning, Leon

Presentation time

16:45:00

17:30:00

Session time

16:00:00

17:30:00

SessionKnowledge Development Forum: Process Intensification Using Low DO Operation - Is It Possible and What Can I Control and Look For?

Session number316

TopicFacility Operations and Maintenance, Municipal Wastewater Treatment Design, Research and Innovation

Author(s)

Leon Downing

Author(s)L. Downing1;E. Redmond2;McK. Farmer3;M. Reeves4;M. Young5;

Author affiliation(s)Black & Veatch, Madison, WI1Black & Veatch, Des Moines, IA2Black & Veatch, Chicago, IL3Trinity River Authority of Texas, Grand Prairie, TX4,5

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Oct 2021

DOI10.2175/193864718825158178

Volume / Issue

Content sourceWEFTEC

Word count19

Optimization Strategies: Improve P-removal (TRA) Case Study

Abstract

Converting a nitrification facility to a facility that achieves nitrogen and phosphorus removal can often require a significant amount of new infrastructure for a facility. The Trinity River Authority of Texas implemented an eight-year program to understand nutrient removal at low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. The result is the design and operation of a small-footprint, high performance facility.

SpeakerDowning, Leon

Presentation time

10:50:00

11:00:00

Session time

08:30:00

12:00:00

SessionStrategies to Optimize WRRFs for Nutrient Removal

Session number510

TopicNutrients, Research and Innovation

Author(s)

A. ShawL. DowningL. Downing

Author(s)A. Shaw1; L. Downing2; L. Downing2;

Author affiliation(s)Black & Veatch, TX1; Black & Veatch, WI2

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Oct 2020

DOI10.2175/193864718825157511

Volume / Issue

Content sourceWEFTEC

Word count8

Description: Performance, Key Operational Parameters, and Design Targets For Nitrogen Removal...

Performance, Key Operational Parameters, and Design Targets For Nitrogen Removal During Post Aerobic Digestion (PAD): Analysis From Two Full-Scale PAD Reactors Over Multiple Years of Operation

Abstract

Background
Sequential anaerobic-aerobic digestion is an under-studied, under-used process that offers potential for improved solids digestion with simultaneous nutrient removal. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of post-aerobic digestion (PAD) following anaerobic sludge digestion and reported high volatile solids removal (VSR) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction along with improved sludge dewaterability (Parravicini et al. 2008, Zupancic and Ros 2008). In addition, nitrogen removal can occur via nitrification and dentrification resulting in reduced nitrogen load recycled to the head of the plant (Novak et al 2011). Limited information is available on the PAD process for full-scale systems. Thus future design and current understanding of parameters that drive this process are not well documented or understood. The PAD process has been a critical component of overall nitrogen removal at the Northern Treatment Plant (NTP) for the Metro Water Recovery in Denver and the WRRF in Boulder. Analysis of these systems is needed to help fill this critical knowledge gap.
Status These full-scale reactors have been in operation for several years. Full-scale data have been collected for multiple years at both plants during times of healthy operation and poor performance. Analysis has been conducted on this data set. The presentation and proceeds will present work on this completed study. Findings Overall, the PAD process at both Boulder and Denver resulted in substantial removal of N and reduced the returned N burden. Boulder and Denver had similar average influent ammonia concentrations of approximately 1,600 mg/L (NH4-N). Denver had a longer SRT (Table 1) than Boulder, and slightly more ammonia removal than Boulder, but both plants achieved â‰¥ 80% ammonia removal. The VSR was slightly higher at Denver than Boulder, but both were near 10% which has been observed in lab-scale studies as well (Novak 2011). Denver had very low nitrite and nitrate levels, both less than 5 mg/L, implying substantial denitrification following nitrification. Denver's 91% TIN removal is substantial in terms of minimizing nitrogen that otherwise would be returned to the head of the plant. Boulder had higher levels of nitrite, over 50 mg/L, resulting in 80% removal of TIN, and thus a major reduction in nitrogen that would be returned to the head of the plant. While the average ammonia and TIN removals were similar between the two plants, the nitrogen loading rate and the nitrogen rate of removal was much greater at Boulder. Boulder operated at a lower SRT and consequently had an ammonia loading rate to the PAD reactor that was double that of Denver. The ammonia removal rate per volume of reactor and per kg VS was nearly double in the Boulder reactor compared to the Denver reactor. These data represent the first data set on two full-scale PAD operators and indicate that PAD can operate well over a wide range of feed rates and SRT values. At both Denver and Boulder, higher removal rates occurred at SRT values below 15 days (Figure 1). All removal rates above 125 mgN/L-day (indicated by blue line) occurred at SRT values less than 15 days. Conversely, when SRT values were above 15 days, the ammonia removal rate never surpassed 124 mgN/L-day. Lab-scale experiments revealed more than 80% removal and 10% VSR at an SRT value of 5 days (Novak et al. 2011). Based on these selected healthy operational data, an SRT value of 6 to 8 days would be an appropriate operational target. Ammonia removal rate was linearly correlated to nitrogen loading rate (Figure 2). Boulder had higher ammonia removal rates and higher nitrogen loading rates than Denver. The linear relationship between nitrogen loading rate and ammonia removal rate did not taper off across the ranges used. Therefore, it's possible that nitrogen loading rate could be increased even more to achieve higher ammonia removal rates. This result is similar to the SRT results above, i.e. that SRT could be decreased even more which would result in a higher nitrogen loading rate. For the Boulder data set, 94% of ammonia removal rate variance was explained by nitrogen loading rate. Loading rate is therefore a major driver of performance. Denver had a lower, but still strong R2 value of 69%. Slow changes to operation rates could reveal how much beyond the 0.3 gN/L-day threshold the loading rate could be increased. Both treatment plants had extended periods of healthy reactor operation, as evidenced above. Both plants had periods of poor performance (Figure 3). At Denver, ammonia removal rate had a steady decline beginning Fall, 2020 and lasting through mid 2021. The Boulder PAD reactor was off-line from September, 2018 until mid-summer, 2019. The functional data from all of these periods were evaluated together to determine the impact of operational parameters (SRT, pH, temperature) on process performance based on N removal. In general, the reactors operated well at pH values lower than 7.5 (Figure 4). At higher pH values and higher ammonia concentrations, free ammonia (NH3) toxicity and inhibition of nitrification can become an issue. Other data not shown here revealed that sudden changes to multiple parameters such as dropping pH and temperature can have confounding impacts. The PAD system is fundamentally driven by biology; when the microbial community is perturbed process upset occurs, leading to a rise in pH and process failure. The complete set of functional data will be presented at WEFTEC, including aeration rates, anoxic/oxic cycling times, SRT, and alkalinity.
Significance of the Investigation This is the first report to compare multiple full-scale PAD reactors relative to design criteria. Information on PAD reactors even at the lab-scale is scarce in literature. This technology, though, can be readily applied at WRRFs that have available tanks. The data presented in this proceedings and presentation can be used to determine how much additional ammonia removal could be achieved via PAD systems. Several key design parameters to consider for PAD design: - Ammonium loading rate: volumetric removal rates of up to 300 mg/L-day and were strongly correlated to loading rate - Sludge Retention Time (SRT): higher removal rates were observed at lower SRTs. - pH: ammonium removal was achieved at a pH range of 6 to 7.5. Bicarbonate alkalinity is the larger driver, which will be discussed during the presentation. - Volatile solids reduction: the VSR was consistently 9 to 10% - Operational stability: one key area to highlight is the importance of SRT stability in PAD For the Denver facility, it can be seen that periods of time where the SRT is changed rapidly correspond to effluent ammonium stability (Figure 5). There may be a tendency to think of PAD as an equalization volume before dewatering, but SRT stability is stressed.

This is the first report to compare multiple full-scale PAD reactors. This technology can be readily applied at WRRFs that have available tanks. The data presented in this proceedings and presentation can be used to determine how much additional ammonia removal could be achieved via PAD systems. This work also provides a range of healthy operational values similar to what the field has for anaerobic digestion. As PAD reactors gain in their popularity, they will be designed from scratch inste

SpeakerDowning, Leon

Presentation time

13:30:00

13:55:00

Session time

13:30:00

15:00:00

TopicIntermediate Level, Biosolids and Residuals, Facility Operations and Maintenance, Municipal Wastewater Treatment Design

Author(s)

Downing, Leon

Author(s)Leon Downing1; Patrick Dunlap1; Christopher Marks2; Patrick McNamara1; Eric Redmond1; Thomas Worley-Morse3

Author affiliation(s)Black & Veatch1; City of Boulder2; Metro Wastewater Reclamation District3

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Oct 2022

DOI10.2175/193864718825158579

Volume / Issue

Content sourceWEFTEC

Word count27

Description: Repurposing Infrastructure for Phosphorus Removal: Developing Design Guidelines for...

Repurposing Infrastructure for Phosphorus Removal: Developing Design Guidelines for S2EBPR

Abstract

Management of the global phosphorus cycle is crucial for long-term sustainability. Water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) play a critical role in in the phosphorus control and balance in many watersheds throughout North America, and the discharge of soluble and other bioavailable forms of phosphorus from WRRFs has a global impact on soluble-nutrient balances in the water cycle. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is one key process applied to remove phosphorus from the liquid discharges at WRRFs. Through EBPR, phosphorus is concentrated from the wastewater into the biosolids stream, where it can be recovered in biosolids or extracted as a fertilizer product. Recycling phosphorus in this way helps close the phosphorus cycle without discharging phosphorus into waterbodies. Over the past 50 years, EBPR has evolved from an unexplained phenomenon to a widely adopted process that is simultaneously praised for its efficiency and environmental soundness and cursed for its instability. Understanding of the process has never been complete, but recent advances in the research and interests in alternative processes at the facility mean the time has come to enhance water-sector understanding with the latest knowledge of EBPR ecology, functionality, and design. One of the key innovations for phosphorus removal has been the adoption of side stream EBPR (S2EBPR) concepts into the design of EBPR facilities. These concepts focus on fermentative activity of phosphate accumulation organisms (PAOs) to drive EBPR, often in side stream reactors. These side stream reactors focus on hydrolysis of a portion of return activated sludge (RAS) or mixed liquor (ML) to select for fermentative PAOs and drive phosphorus removal. This presentation will focus on results for the ongoing Water Research Foundation (WRF) project focused on developing practical considerations for S2EBPR design and operation (Project Number 4975). This project will yield guidelines for the design, operation, and implementation of a unique configuration to help remove phosphorus while maximizing the use of existing infrastructure. The re-purposing of existing infrastructure is a key benefit of S2EBPR configurations. When fermentative PAOs are the main driver for phosphorus removal, the selective pressure occurs in a side stream reactor typically conditioning RAS. Only 10 to 30% of the RAS is diverted to this side stream reactor, resulting in a relatively small reactor. Depending on the influent characteristics, this side stream reactor can ferment RAS, select for PAOs, and then this fermented flow is sent back to the existing aeration basins. This can result in a phosphorus removal upgrade the requires no modifications to the existing aeration basins, a smaller anaerobic side stream reactor, and often the side stream anaerobic reactor can be incorporated into existing, underutilized tankage for facilities. There are 14 full-scale demonstration facilities participating in the WRF project, and each facility has repurposed infrastructure in different ways. Some of the unique configurations being tested include:
- A Texas facility that utilized existing tanks to test ML fermentation to successfully achieve a 1 mg/L effluent limit with no new tanks (WRF Report 4827C) ###- A large midwestern facility that converted excess aeration basin capacity into a side stream reactor at a COD limited facility to achieve a 0.5 mg/L effluent limit
- A northeastern facility that utilized an abandoned gravity thickener tank to achieve a 0.3 mg/L effluent limit###- Danish facilities that utilize small RAS hydrolysis tanks with no mainstream selector zones to achieve phosphorus removal The facilities being tested, as well as past literature values, will be presented to observe trends in sizing and performance related to diversion rates of return activated sludge (RAS), hydraulic retention times of side stream reactors, and the ratio of biomass in the side stream reactor. One important concept is the idea of the fermenter biomass to total biomass in the system. This idea, first developed in Denmark, provides a design basis for S2EBPR that relates the time in the side stream anaerobic zone to the overall sludge retention time of the system. When well performing EBPR facilities are examined (effluent phosphorus below 0.75 mg/L), the generally fall above a curve developed for Danish facilities (Figure 1). Facilities that fall below this curve to not achieve consistent EBPR.

The following conference paper was presented at WEFTEC 2021, October 16-20, 2021. To read the full abstract, see "Abstract" tab below.

SpeakerDowning, Leon

Presentation time

13:30:00

13:45:00

Session time

13:30:00

15:00:00

SessionBringing It All Together: Guide to Designing and Implementing S2EBPR Processes

Session number502

TopicFacility Operations and Maintenance, Municipal Wastewater Treatment Design, Nutrients

Author(s)

Leon Downing

Author(s)L. Downing1;E. Redmond2;P. Dunlap3;J. Barnard4;

Author affiliation(s)Black & Veatch, Madison, WI1Black & Veatch, Des Moines, IA2Black & Veatch, Philadelphia, PA3Black & Veatch, Kansas City, MO4

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Oct 2021

DOI10.2175/193864718825158179

Volume / Issue

Content sourceWEFTEC

Word count11

Description: The Media is the Message: New Primary Treatment Process Based on Synthetic Media...

The Media is the Message: New Primary Treatment Process Based on Synthetic Media Biofiltration Allows for a More Sustainable and Resilient Alternative to CEPT in a Retrofittable Package

Abstract

This paper was presented at WEFTEC 2023 in Chicago, IL.

A new deep-bed primary filter was developed in Korea and transferred to North America as a more sustainable carbon diversion strategy than traditional chemically-enhanced primary treatment. This technology has been proven at scale and adapted to new markets by employing new configurations such as a biological split bed and retrofittable design.

SpeakerLiberzon, Jon

Presentation time

13:30:00

14:00:00

Session time

13:30:00

15:00:00

SessionPrimary Treatment Technologies: Should We Settle for Conventional Primary Sedimentation?

Session locationRoom S501a - Level 5

TopicEnergy Production, Conservation, and Management, Facility Operations and Maintenance, Intermediate Level, Municipal Wastewater Treatment Design

Author(s)

Liberzon, Jonathan