The Future is Now: Concentrate Management is Transforming Municipal and Industrial Water Supply

Disposal of high-salinity concentrate generated from municipal facilities and industries (e.g., energy, semiconductor facilities) can have adverse environmental impacts. To address this issue, concentrate treatment seems to be a promising option to eliminate the wastewater discharge, while recovering extra water and valuable materials such as salts. This can be achieved through concentrate minimization and zero liquid discharge strategies. This paper presents six case studies that were implemented in the industrial and municipal sectors across the country to minimize concentrate, increase water recovery, and extract valuable resources.