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This presentation will showcase the different strategies MS4 municipalities in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, are taking to implement stormwater projects to achieve required pollutant reductions as cost-effectively as possible. Some of the methods include securing grant funding, using municipal public works staff to implement projects, establishing Municipal Authorities and enacting stormwater fees, working with private landowners, and partnering with the agriculture community. In September, 2017, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) required Municipal MS4 Permittees to prepare and submit pollutant reduction plans (PRPs) for locally impaired waters and for the Chesapeake Bay. Municipalities are required to demonstrate pollutant reductions, measured in pounds per year as follows: 10% sediment; 5% phosphorus, and 3% nitrogen. These reductions must be achieved within 5-years of the PRP approval, which ranges from June 2023 through August 2024. PADEP selected sediment as the primary target for pollutant reductions and indicated that if municipalities achieved required sediment reductions then the phosphorus and nitrogen loads were assumed to be met. In Lancaster County, municipalities planned to implement the following projects: 17.13 acres of urban riparian buffer (24 projects) 59,105 linear feet of stream restoration (63 projects) 37 bioswales/bioswale retrofits 60 detention basin retrofits 10 raingardens When implemented, these projects will achieve 5,211 tons/year sediment reduction (10,423,460 lbs) at an expected cost of more than $50 million (based on $5.00 per lb of sediment reduction). While several municipalities worked together to implement joint projects within the same watershed, the majority are working individually on projects within their own jurisdiction — which places a heavy financial hardship on the community. For many, the expected costs to fund stormwater projects to comply with the PRP exceeds $500,000. This presentation will summarize the strategies that five municipalities, West Hempfield, Paradise, Rapho, Ephrata, and Manor Townships, are taking to achieve required pollutant reductions as cost-effectively as possible. Participants will learn the benefits and challenges of each strategy through case-studies and project analysis.

Stormwater systems are increasingly stressed due to the growing number of high precipitation events and the pressure on aging stormwater system capacity. Now, more than ever, efficient stormwater asset management is crucial to public safety and regulatory compliance. Unfortunately, the cost and effort of conducting field inspections and collecting accurate and comprehensive data is an ongoing challenge for municipalities. Radio frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been widely used in many industries for its unique ability to track items without needing direct visual confirmation. Passive RFID tags don't require power and can be affixed to nearly anything. Today, RFID is rapidly becoming the solution to bridging the gaps in field data collection workflows for stormwater management. This session will explore on-going deployments using RFID-enabled asset marking for stormwater assets in combination with mobile data collection and GIS-based asset management systems. Initial pilots indicate that RFID-enabled asset marking reduces the time, cost and errors in field data inspections. Several deployments will be reviewed, including how the approach performed when used with Esri's ArcGIS Online to manage water sampling stations; and when a range of assets are tagged, including catch basins, hydrants and manholes. The system consists of: RFID-enabled tags placed on assets RFID readers tied to mobile devices via Bluetooth Software apps (web or software) that run on the mobile device The workflow is as follows: 1. RFID tags are placed on the asset 2. The RFID tag is accessed through the reader and specific information is written to the RFID tag, including asset owner, date/time, lat/long 3. Then the tag data is connected to its specific asset record in ArcGIS through web apps or a widget on the mobile device which then launch inspection/maintenance forms for completion in the field. This data can be accessed and managed in the office or in the field, creating a direct link between physical assets and data. Additionally, accurate geolocation and asset performance data removes the guess-work from future location and maintenance. At the conclusion of this session, participants will be better able to: Understand the use of using RFID-enabled technology to enhance stormwater infrastructure asset locating maintenance, monitoring and management.

Follow the Drop is an innovative mobile application and data platform that is designed to enable cities to respond to climate change by collecting stormwater metrics and helping property owners to reduce flooding and pollution. Initial funding to develop the software came from the State of Hawaii Water Security Advisory Group and the Hawaii Community Foundation to support the reduction of stormwater runoff as well as build water security to meet Hawaii's Freshwater Initiative goals to increase water supply by 100 million gallons per day by 2030. In partnership with a local nonprofit, the initial prototype was beta-tested in Hawaii schools to ensure ease-of-use and was coupled with a 13-lesson plan design-thinking course for green infrastructure. Today the software and data platform is serving as a community engagement tool to support municipal green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) programs. Follow the Drop incorporates local rain sensor data and by taking a photo of an opportunity to capture stormwater from a drainage device (ex. downspout, catch basin, etc.), Follow the Drop automates the annual stormwater runoff volume, provides the optimum size green infrastructure system for that opportunity, and displays the volume of stormwater captured for the size and type GSI system inputted. The software also serves as a decision tool; the user is able to collect data from multiple opportunities and congregate and compare them in chart, map, or list view, to identify the best size and location for their green infrastructure project. Specifically for stormwater utilities (SWUs), the app can be distributed to its customers to identify opportunities to capture stormwater onsite to receive a potential fee credit, rebate and/or grant. The municipal agencies are able to track the locations, sizes, status and volumes of stormwater captured of submitted projects to support green infrastructure asset management, maintenance assurance, billing/fee credit management, compliance reporting, and sustainability metrics. The software is being piloted by the City and County of Honolulu to support its future SWU GSI incentive program to simplify the application process for property owners to submit GSI projects to receive fee credits. The presentation will provide the background including water resiliency goals set forth by the Hawaii Freshwater Initiative, current use cases and data output from the software for the Pilot, and next steps of the Follow the Drop program.

The Port of Long Beach (Port) is the second-busiest seaport in the United States and committed to improving the environment. Capturing and using stormwater can offset potable water demand, result in reduction of pollutant discharges, and enhance regional drought resiliency. Therefore, the Port and its consultant, Stantec, conducted the Stormwater Harvesting Study to prioritize stormwater harvesting options for the Port. The following three scenarios for stormwater capture were examined: Onsite use, wherein stormwater would be captured, diverted, treated to meet Department of Health standards to use as an alternative water supply, and then provided to select Port tenants for use, with excess water being diverted to sanitary sewers or outfalls. Diversion to the sanitary sewer, wherein stormwater would be captured and diverted to the sanitary sewer for treatment and use off-site. Diversion to Long Beach Municipal Urban Stormwater Treatment (LB-MUST), wherein stormwater would be captured and diverted to the LB-MUST facility for treatment and use by the City of Long Beach. To prioritize locations for stormwater harvesting and onsite use, a pass/fail screening was applied to the Port's drainage basins, followed by a weighted screening criteria and ranking value. Top scoring drainage basins were linked to specific tenants within the Port to determine the final scenarios. A general concept for these projects is shown in Figure 1. Twenty-two Port-owned stormwater pump stations were analyzed for diversion to the sanitary sewer. Locations were prioritized based on the pumping capacity, and screened if located upstream of a drainage basin, in a crowded area, or not located near a viable sewer for discharge. A general concept for these projects is shown in Figure 2. Diversion to LB-MUST considered the available treatment capacity at the LB-MUST facility and the design capture volumes of drainage basins within the Port's Pier B. Two alternatives, a below ground tank and a detention basin, were considered to store the diverted stormwater within the City of Long Beach prior to diversion to LB-MUST. A general concept for these projects is shown in Figure 3. A Triple Bottom Line Cost Benefit Analysis was performed to prioritize the projects. This analysis integrates the broader social and environmental perspectives into decision making, and enables project proponents to objectively justify a project. A ranking of all projects is in Table 1.

Green infrastructure and source control technologies are increasingly accepted as a best practice for reducing stormwater impacts on water quality and aquatic habitat in urban areas. However, impacts continue to grow in many watersheds within the United States even as progress is being made on other sources of water pollution (NRC, 2009). Stormwater management practices have been improved at the site level, but they are not being implemented on a large enough scale to offset water quality degradation caused by urban and suburban land use trends (WEF Stormwater Institute, 2015). Philadelphia is one city implementing green infrastructure on a large scale as a key component of its approach to manage urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows. The Philadelphia Water Department will complete its tenth year of program implementation in 2021. This paper will cover the status of the program, provide statistics on the types and locations of green infrastructure that have been implemented, and summarize performance monitoring data collected from systems operating in the field. PWD submitted its Combined Sewer Overflow Long Term Control Plan Update in 2009, as required by its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. In 2011, a modified version of that plan was approved for implementation through a Consent Order and Agreement (COA) with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. The COA specifies combined sewer overflow reductions, pollutant load reductions, and implementation of green stormwater infrastructure targets intended to improve water quality in local watersheds and the Delaware tidal estuary. As the program approaches the ten-year milestone, it has implemented stormwater management features managing surface runoff generated by approximately 1,100 acres of impervious urban surfaces (Figure 1). Stormwater management features have been implemented through a variety of programs and on a variety of land uses (Figure 2). These include projects on private property initiated by code requirements governing redevelopment. Projects have been implemented on public property, including streets, sidewalks, and public facilities. Finally, projects have been implemented through incentives for private property. Post-construction monitoring data from selected sites indicate that systems are generally meeting or exceeding design performance expectations (Figure 3).

Municipal stormwater permittees in Orange County are implementing watershed management programs to meet MS4 Permit requirements. As part of these programs, Permittees are responsible for inventorying and inspecting private and public stormwater assets as well as reporting on progress toward watershed planning goals and regulatory requirements. To help address these requirements, the Permittees, Geosyntec Consultants, and Sitka Technology Group worked together over the last three years to develop an open-source web platform for stormwater asset management — OC Stormwater Tools (www.ocstormwatertools.org). This platform is intended to help manage and report on existing assets and plan for future assets (Figure 1). The tool caters to many user roles, from field crew to jurisdictional managers, across several modules. The Inventory Module maintains consistent BMP asset inventories across jurisdictions in the County. Geosyntec worked with early adopters to onboard their data and tailor the system to user needs. The Inventory Module supports mobile data entry, rapid condition assessment and maintenance tracking. It also allows users to inventory development sites and associated private BMPs. It now contains over 11,000 structural BMPs across 18 jurisdictions and is growing (Figure 2). The Trash Module supports Permittees in complying with statewide trash requirements. It also supports mobile visual surveys of the effectiveness of measures to reduce trash loading. Based on the inventoried trash BMPs, the tool calculates quantitative progress toward goals (Figures 3 and 4). The Modeling Module calculates the water balance and pollutant load reduction of inventoried BMPs for both dry and wet weather conditions (Figure 5). To do this, it runs algorithms in near-real-time as information about BMPs and their drainage areas is added. This is also supported by GIS resources and geoprocessing services provided by the OC GIS department. Although the network of BMPs in the County is complex, the algorithm recalculates the long-term stormwater capture efficiency, volume reduction, and treatment performance much faster than a continuous-simulation model. This presentation will provide an overview of the tool, key takeaways from the process, and a discussion of how this will support more streamlined reporting and planning in the future. We also hope to engage in an audience discussion about how this open-source code could benefit other stormwater and watershed managers.

The original Load Reduction Strategy (LRS) approach was pursued by the Upper Los Angeles River (ULAR) Watershed Management Group (WMG) as an alternative compliance pathway to address dry weather Los Angeles River Bacteria Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements. Based on outfall monitoring data collected at the time, priority outfalls (consistently high E. coli loading rates) and outlier outfalls (episodically high E. coli loading rates) to be addressed were identified. As the ULAR WMG has moved forward with implementation, LRS efforts have broadly been focused on the development of dry weather structural controls. Initial designs were successful but in some cases feasibility issues arose, which were not considered in the initial prioritization. In addition to the implementation challenges, it is widely known that structural stormwater control measures may not be the most long-term, cost-effective solutions in reducing pathogens. Recent studies demonstrate human source control is a more cost-effective approach. Therefore, the ULAR WMG is adapting their LRS to expand on previous efforts with on-the-ground understanding of potential bacteria sources and the relation to public health risk. To do so, a more comprehensive prioritization was conducted based on water quality data, evaluating potential bacteria/pathogen sources, and considering additional information such as hydraulic connectivity to receiving waters to effectively guide cost-effective implementation actions. Planned efforts will be adapted, incorporating a greater emphasis on targeted source control, leading to a more successful program that better focuses on reducing human health risks in recreational waterbodies. The LRS adaptation update is timely given recent advancements in the development of human markers and other diagnostic tools to conduct source identification monitoring, which has been initiated in high priority areas. The overall approach leverages recent developments of an innovative risk-based pathogen health risk prioritization approach for Orange County that provides a model for this effort, similar work that is being conducted in the San Diego region, and the need to move expeditiously to reduce public health risks and demonstrate compliance with the LRS requirements.

Our cities are built over thousands of miles of hidden stormwater infrastructure. Stormwater performance data is infrequently and informally collected, meaning we often do not know what is going on in pipes until something goes wrong. Flow datasets are typically collected from monitoring projects that are temporary, limited, and sparse. Stormwater utilities are at the cusp of the same data revolution that electric, gas, and water utilities undertook: system-wide metering. Technology advances have made dense, real-time flow sensor networks possible and affordable. Moving beyond traditional flow monitoring, real-time flow metering gives rise to new data-driven BMPs and insights to help cities to understand their systems. Two case studies will be presented from Jersey City, NJ, and Norfolk, VA, demonstrating the broad applicability of flow metering as a stormwater BMP. Jersey City Municipal Utilities Authority installed a real-time flow sensor network to track and quantify combined sewage overflows as they occurred. The network featured multiple sensors at different locations in each outfall to determine the timing and volume of CSOs. Over a six-month study, direct measurements found 42 CSO days with a total discharge of 16 MG, compared to a SWMM model prediction of 21 CSO days and 10 MG of discharge (Fig 1). The differences detected in modeled and measured volumes are notable because JCMUA is required to report release volumes, and their Long Term Control Plan is developed for a specific volume. Flow metering in Jersey City is ongoing with a third network expansion planned for 2021. The City of Norfolk uses a real-time network to track tidal backflow in the storm system and separate contributions from tailwater and stormwater. Dense sensor networks were deployed in two flood-prone sewersheds. One objective was to evaluate overall capacity trends. Fig 2 shows the 30-day average capacity in one sewershed, which was over 50% full. The network delineated the exact inland extent of tailwater here. An algorithm was developed to separate stormwater from tidal flows in real-time. Fig 3 shows measured depth at a location with tidal influence, and Fig 4 shows the stormwater flows separated by algorithm. Findings from Jersey City and Norfolk show that using flow sensor networks to capture real-time data is critical to assessing system performance, is applicable to variable settings and objectives, and that real-time data itself can be considered a stormwater BMP.

The City of Hampton (City) recently finalized a Downtown Hampton Master Plan to guide future growth and enhancement of its downtown area. The plan includes improved street networks, additional green space, new housing, and commercial space. A key goal of the plan is to improve connections between the core downtown and the waterfront. Under Virginia stormwater regulations, implementation of the Downtown Master Plan will require reductions in pollutant loading to surrounding the water bodies such as the Hampton River and Chesapeake Bay. In support of this plan, the City also developed a Downtown Water Quality Master Plan to support their Downtown Master Plan development. The overall goal of the Water Quality Plan is to provide a pathway for the City to achieve pollutant reduction requirements and advance other City initiatives as the Downtown Hampton Master Plan becomes a reality. In accordance with Virginia's stormwater regulations (9VAC25-870-63), each redevelopment in the downtown area will require a 20% net reduction in pollutant (phosphorus) loading to the Hampton River and Chesapeake Bay, relative to the pre-redevelopment loading. The City intends to achieve this requirement by implementing water quality projects throughout the Downtown Hampton area. To select these sites, a project selection framework was developed to advance each of the City's goals including Resilient Hampton initiatives and increasing greenspace in the area. This presentation will discuss the development of the site selection framework, conceptualization of each stormwater treatment facility, and the final results of the study. Attendees will gain an understanding of stormwater treatment, site selection techniques, and insights into urban stormwater design.

Regional flooding has been controlled within the Coachella Valley in Southern California since 1915, with existing facilities built or improved in the 1970s following severe floods. The Coachella Valley Water District provides stormwater protection for a 590 square mile area within the valley by using approximately 135 miles of channels along with a number of dikes and retention basins that can convey approximately 80,000 cubic feet per second of flow from the surrounding mountains into the Whitewater River. In 2017, the District partnered with Black & Veatch to launch an extensive asset inventory and support implementation of their asset management system. This presentation will show how the rapid growth of CVWD's asset management system has benefited their stormwater management program by: 1) Showing the importance of data structuring and establishing a data collection protocol for a successful asset management program. 2) Engaging stakeholders across their business to create an expansive and robust registry which supports current and future programs. 3) Providing data to justify capital improvements and preventative maintenance decisions; shifting away from reactive maintenance and developing defendable investment prioritization. The Project has completed a field-based inventory, baseline full-system condition assessment, development of risk-based prioritization criteria, and mapping business processes. The stormwater assets were collected over a 4-week field effort with zero injuries. To execute these efforts, Black & Veatch leveraged an off-the-shelf ESRI product tailored so the final asset inventory seamlessly integrated with the District's CMMS software. CVWD staff were involved in each step of the project, helping structure data hierarchies and dictionaries, collecting field data, and incorporating institutional knowledge into business process mapping and prioritization criteria development. Data management was key as the final inventory contained over 80,000 data points including sub-meter accuracy GPS coordinates, field documented asset specifications, over 1,500 photographs, opinions of replacement costs, and baseline likelihood of failure and consequence of failure criteria. Post collection, the District's forces now have verified asset locations and attributes that provide reliability to day to day efforts. Scalability was built into the implementation to support on-going and future development of the asset management system.