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Thickening is commonly used for concentrating solid streams at a water resource recovery facility (WRRF). Thickening removes excess water from the solids, which reduces the size and scale of downstream processes. Typically, the water removed from the solids during thickening is recycled to the headworks of the WRRF.
The ease with which different types of solids (e.g., primary solids, waste activated sludge [WAS]) can be thickened varies widely. Much of the variability in thickening performance results from the site-specific characteristics of the solids themselves. These characteristics depend on the process used to treat the wastewater before thickening, the way in which water is bonded to the solid particles and/or flocs, and the concentration of extracellular polymeric substances as well as mono and divalent cations present in wastewater. Solids concentration is typically monitored using total suspended solids and total solids. The degree of solids concentration achieved through thickening processes also depends on solids conditioning with polymer, which can be affected by the above-mentioned factors in addition to solids temperature, pH, volatile and suspended solids concentration, and solids/polymer mixing type and intensity. This Thickening 101 Fact Sheet dives into the questions of why to thicken solids, where to thicken solids, how solids are thickened and what technologies are used to thicken solids.

The COVID pandemic highlighted the value of wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) for complementing clinical testing data and providing a more complete picture of COVID infection levels and trends in a population. Most WBS participants send samples to offsite laboratories for analysis. For remote communities and institutions—such as correctional facilities (CFs)— sample shipment can...

WE&T’s Operator Essentials column presents easily accessible and digestible fundamental information. It is intended to share “what every operator should know” about each topic covered. The column is arranged as a grid of knowledge, principles, and practical considerations — each successive column provides more detailed information.

This Manual of Practice presents current design considerations for wastewater and stormwater pumping stations. It covers station capacity requirements and configuration, the selection and design of pumping equipment, piping system layout and hydraulic considerations, electrical and instrumentation systems design, and other station appurtenances. Intended for design professionals, it addresses design of stations of all sizes and highlights the differences between wastewater and stormwater stations.

WE&T’s Operator Essentials column presents easily accessible and digestible fundamental information. It is intended to share “what every operator should know” about each topic covered. The column is arranged as a grid of knowledge, principles, and practical considerations — each successive column provides more detailed information.

WE&T’s Operator Essentials column presents easily accessible and digestible fundamental information. It is intended to share “what every operator should know” about each topic covered. The column is arranged as a grid of knowledge, principles, and practical considerations — each successive column provides more detailed information.

WE&T’s Operator Essentials column presents easily accessible and digestible fundamental information. It is intended to share “what every operator should know” about each topic covered. The column is arranged as a grid of knowledge, principles, and practical considerations — each successive column provides more detailed information.

WE&T’s Operator Essentials column presents easily accessible and digestible fundamental information. It is intended to share “what every operator should know” about each topic covered. The column is arranged as a grid of knowledge, principles, and practical considerations — each successive column provides more detailed information.

WE&T’s Operator Essentials column presents easily accessible and digestible fundamental information. It is intended to share “what every operator should know” about each topic covered. The column is arranged as a grid of knowledge, principles, and practical considerations — each successive column provides more detailed information.

WE&T’s Operator Essentials column presents easily accessible and digestible fundamental information. It is intended to share “what every operator should know” about each topic covered. The column is arranged as a grid of knowledge, principles, and practical considerations — each successive column provides more detailed information.

WE&T’s Operator Essentials column presents easily accessible and digestible fundamental information. It is intended to share “what every operator should know” about each topic covered. The column is arranged as a grid of knowledge, principles, and practical considerations — each successive column provides more detailed information.

WE&T’s Operator Essentials column presents easily accessible and digestible fundamental information. It is intended to share “what every operator should know” about each topic covered. The column is arranged as a grid of knowledge, principles, and practical considerations — each successive column provides more detailed information.