Results

The Contain the Rain Program is an incentive program that encourages private landowners to incorporate projects on their property to reduce stormwater runoff and improve water quality. This program began in 2011 as a means to engage the public in ways to address stormwater pollution as well as meet NPDES Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System permits. The guiding principle of the Contain the Rain Program was that grassroots behavior change would be the best return on investment for changing behaviors and prioritizing water resources in our County. The Contain the Rain Program is funded by the Johnson County - Stormwater Management Program through a 1/10th of one cent sales tax which can only be utilized for addressing stormwater-related issues in the County. The County provides funds, up to $15,000, to each of the 19 cities in the County to administer this program to their citizens. Not only is this method far superior to the County administering the program itself, it allows for cities to become more invested in stormwater quality through incentive-related public engagement. In 2022, a total of 14 cities participated, offering more than $74,000 to residents who installed approved projects. Residents who apply to the program must install one of the following projects: rain barrel, rain garden, native tree, riparian corridor restoration, soil quality restoration, permeable pavement, native planting, native plant swale, or floating wetland. While this program is essential for cities in the County to meet their NDPES MS4 permit compliance, it is far more important to the community. Since 2011, cities across Johnson County have noticed a change in the public's perception of stormwater. Specifically, the agency a resident feels they can take in making real change that improves water quality and protects our region's water resources. The Contain the Rain Program provides the perfect opportunity for people of many different socioeconomic backgrounds and opportunity to improve their property, while being climate and environmentally conscious. As our region of the Heartland deals with a changing climate that threatens to have prolonged periods of drought interspersed with record-breaking inundation, our residents often feel helpless to act. This program provides the community with opportunities to make themselves more climate resilient, through native plant installation, removal of traditionally non-native turf, and incorporation of stormwater treatment elements where previously there had been none. This presentation will cover the history of the Contain the Rain Program, from its origin in 2011 and its genesis to current day. We will also provide an overview of how the program operates, how funding is allocated, and how Contain the Rain was advocated for in front of elected officials and executive staff alike. We will then go into the popularity of certain projects, their affect on water quality, and trends we are seeing in project types and plant selections. One important aspect of this presentation will be the co-author who manages the Contain the Rain Program for their city (Overland Park, KS). They will provide their view on how it is to interact with resident's, the level of engagement and education that comes from this program, and how successful their city has been. Finally, our presentation will provide attendees with lessons learned, how they can implement this program in their community, and why this should rebate program's like Contain the Rain are an essential tool in the tool-box for stormwater and water resource managers.

If performance data is provided to decision makers it often comes from manufacturers. Much of this data is derived from reputable sources such as the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) program, the Washington Department of Ecology Technology Assessment Protocol Ecology (TAPE) program, the International Best Management Practice Database (IBMPDB) or the Canadian Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) website but it is difficult for many decision makers to navigate these sources to confirm the data. NJDEP and Canada ETV both have lab data, but it is presented in different ways and the results do not always agree. TAPE has field data. The IBMPDB contains every kind of data but it is not curated so the quality of the data is not assured. The presentation will provide an update on activities aimed to make assessing performance data easier. It will also describe efforts underway to translate existing region verification programs into a national program, to simplify the job of choosing a stormwater control measure (SCM) A new national source of quality assured information, the Stormwater Testing and Evaluation of Products and Practices (STEPP) program, is leveraging resources from several different organizations in order to improve the way data is produced and reported going forward. STEPP, which was initiated by WEF and now led by the National Municipal Stormwater Alliance (NMSA), will provide stormwater managers with tools for evaluating performance of SCMs and guidance on how to use the tools. The initial focus will be on high priority pollutants of interest such as sediment, trash and plastics, and nutrients, but the vision is to expand the program in the future to include additional pollutants as well as including both proprietary products (manufactured treatment devices, or MTDs) as well as public domain practices, including green infrastructure. The presentation describes the STEPP program, how it is organized and how end users can take advantage of it. 2021 also saw the formation of a new ASTM Committee, E64 Stormwater Control Measures. This is a significant step for the industry, ASTM does not form new committees very often. Prior to this change all stormwater standards were developed by a subcommittee, C27.70 under the committee C27 Precast Concrete. This structure hindered effective standards development and that helped lead to the change. The new Committee has 4 subcommittees that includes Lab Evaluation, Field Evaluation, Apparatus and Research Processes, and Non-point Sources. These subcommittees are currently developing several standards and three new standards have been published so far this year. Additional subcommittees will be added as the committee evolves. This presentation will discuss an overview of the ASTM process and how it is relevant to the stormwater industry. It will also introduce the new standards and describe how the current ASTM work relates to STEPP.

PFAS in biosolids have undoubtedly become a major topic and concern for the public and the industry. Some state regulations are outpacing federal regulations, forcing utilities to consider alternative biosolids management strategies. Therefore, interest in thermal technologies has grown substantially. New incinerators are difficult to install, rendering torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification as possible treatment process options. However, information is scarce on the mass balance of PFAS, and specifically fluoride, through these processes and their end products. This project will i) develop methods to quantify PFAS, total organic fluorine, and inorganic fluorine in end products, ii) generate lab-scale data on the fate of PFAS and fluorine through torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification, and iii) generate an LCA tool that is user friendly to incorporate critical aspects (e.g. energy, carbon footprint, as well as PFAS fate) for assessing thermal technologies.

Missouri has a strong partner for outreach and education activities. The Missouri Stream Team Program is a working partnership of citizens who are concerned about Missouri streams and two state agencies. Funded and staffed by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources and the Missouri Department of Conservation, the Stream Team Program has been around for over thirty years and has thousands of volunteers around the state. The Stream Team Program provides an opportunity for all citizens to get involved in water conservation through clean ups, water quality monitoring, storm drain stenciling, watershed restorations, and more. The program is citizen-based with program staff providing training, supplies, and expertise at no charge to help with stream projects and information. These activities are a natural fit to help MS4s reach their education and outreach requirements. Not only does the Stream Team Program help many Missouri MS4s with education and outreach, but also benefits many other elements in MS4 programs and increases resident awareness of stormwater issues.

Purpose: Hillsborough County (County), Florida, has experienced strong population growth in recent years, which has increased the demand on their existing wastewater collection system. To maximize the capacity of the collection system, the County started a comprehensive mainline cured in place (CIP) lining program. After CIP lining the mainlines, the County continued their infrastructure investigation and conducted a post CIP lining sewer inspection and rehabilitation program focused on infiltration reduction. The purpose of the post CIP program was to identify the source of lateral infiltration, public or private, and rehabilitate laterals up to the property line. Benefits of Presentation: Infiltration reduction minimizes increased wastewater flows experienced when the groundwater table is high and following wet weather events, while reducing the opportunity of sanitary sewer overflows. For gravity mainlines, infiltration is traditionally identified through the completion of Sewer System Evaluation Surveys (SSES) that include manhole inspections, flow monitoring, closed circuit television (CCTV) inspections, smoke testing and dye water testing. These assessment technologies quickly identify areas susceptible to inflow and infiltration (I/I). To identify individual laterals that were leaking post CIP lining, Electro Scan's Focused Electrode Leak Location technology (FELL) was used in combination with traditional lateral CCTV conducted in compliance with National Association of Sanitary Sewer Survey Companies (NASSCO) Lateral Assessment Certification Program (LACP) guidelines. Benefit 1 The presentation will benefit the industry by providing post CIP lining condition assessment results indicating that only lining gravity sewer mains will not reduce infiltration entering the system if tap connections and defective laterals are not sealed. Results of the investigation indicate that a comprehensive CIP lining program in a high I/I area should include the sealing of tap connections and lateral lines to the property line or cleanout. Additionally, the presentation will explain how newer technologies such as FELL can be incorporated into traditional SSES investigations to identify I/I. Benefit 2 This presentation will benefit the industry by identifying construction issues related to the repair and rehabilitation of tap connections and lateral lines utilizing chemical injection grout and full wrap CIP lateral liners. For example, Full Circle Lateral Repair Liners (FCLRL) that extended 3 feet from the mainline lateral tap connection do not require the installation of a cleanout; however, FCLRL repairs that extend more than three (3) feet require the installation of a cleanout to facilitate installation of the liner system. Benefit 3 To track the progress of this project and support the County's growing asset management program, the County developed a GIS asset registry to capture lateral tap connection points, lateral lines, and cleanouts. This presentation will explain how a GIS application was developed to collect locations of lateral line attribute data, and repair and rehabilitation information in real time. Status of Completion: As of 12/5/2023, the total project is approximately 70 percent complete. All FELL work is complete, 95 percent of the CCTV inspection work is complete, and approximately 30 of the lateral repair and rehabilitation work is complete. All construction work is scheduled to be completed in May of 2023. Conclusion: The County began post Cured in Place lining investigation work to address ongoing infiltration issues by utilizing the innovative FELL technology to identify leaking laterals in Hillsborough County's Clair Mel Area. Results of the FELL study indicated 25 percent of the sewer mains previously lined had laterals that were contributing infiltration to the system. Based on FELL infiltration rates traditional CCTV lateral inspections work was completed, which visually confirmed the presence of infiltration identified by the FELL technology. Based on CCTV inspection results, 53 percent of the lateral defects were located on the public side of the lateral and that the infiltration could be addressed by chemical injection grouting or a structural CIP liner. Overall, laterals are a significant source of infiltration entering the wastewater collection system. By sealing tap connections and lateral lines the amount of infiltration entering the system can be reduced which will maximize the capacity of the system and increase the useful life of aging infrastructure.

1. Background Sludge treatment processes typically incorporate physical, chemical, and biological unit operations to reduce sludge volume, odour, vector attraction, and pathogens in the product biosolids [1]. Biosolids are regulated with respect to pathogen, nutrient, and heavy metal content if land applied [2]. However, biosolids may also carry a wide range of anthropogenic chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, personal car e products, surfactants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and water and stain resistant coatings [3], collectively called emerging organic contaminants (EOC). The presence of trace levels of EOCs has been identified as a concern associated with their land application as they could potentially mobilize into soil, infiltrate into ground water, or be uptaken by vegetation [4]. While the long-term risks of exposure to humans are relatively unknown, some of the EOCs are known to be toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative [3,4]. Hence, an understanding of the occurrence and fate of EOCs in sludge handling systems that produce biosolids will provide a basis on which risks can be quantified. Further, most studies pertaining to EOCs and wastewater solids only document the contaminant presence in the product biosolids and there is little information on their removal through sludge processing systems. Further, the relative performance of different physical, chemical and biological sludge treatment processes is also largely unknown The objective of this study was to study the behavior of five major classes of EOCs: per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), alkyl phenols and ethoxylate derivatives, bisphenol A (BPA), and triclosan in common sludge treatment systems. The final paper will highlight the key findings from this multi-plant study and discuss the practical implications for biosolids management practices. 2. Study Design Samples of raw sludge and the final stabilized biosolids were collected from nine sludge treatment systems that included pelletization (P), alkaline stabilization (AS), aerobic digestion (AE1 and AE2) and anaerobic digestion (AN1 to AN5) processes. Grab samples were collected in glass jars on three consecutive days within a one-month period in each of 2015 and 2016 and shipped overnight on ice to the lab for contaminant analysis. The target analytes included 13 PFAS, 21 PBDEs, 4 alkyl phenols and ethoxylate derivatives, BPA, and triclosan. All the EOC analyses were conducted by SGS AXYS International (Sidney, BC) following stringent quality control procedures. 3. Major Findings The measured concentrations were used to estimate contaminant mass flows (mg/day) in and out of the system (contaminant concentration ng/g x solids flow kg/day) to assemble contaminant mass balance through the system. Percent removal was then calculated to evaluate the relative performance of the treatment systems. An overview of five major findings from this study are subsequently presented. A detailed discussion on the influence of the contaminant and treatment plant related factors will be included in the final paper. 3.1 All types of sludge treatment lead to EOC removal: While sludge treatment systems are primarily designed to prepare biosolids for subsequent disposition, the results of this study suggest that some removal of EOCs also occurs during the process. Up to 87% removal of triclosan was observed in AE2 during aerobic digestion. Nonylphenol monoethoxylate and diethoxylates were removed in both aerobic (Mono: 59 to 86%; Di: 84 to 95%) and anaerobic digestion (Mono: 35 to 79%; Di: 69 to 96%). Alkaline stabilization, where the raw sludge was stabilized at high pH using lime and cement kiln dust, was effective in reducing ΣPBDE mass flows by 53 ±12%. During pelletization, where the raw sludge was thermally dried and compacted, there were low removals of perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) (17%) and ΣPBDE (6%) mass flows. Hence, all treatments resulted in some degree of contaminant removal but removals differed between technologies. 3.2 Contaminant formation is possible during sludge treatment: The conditions established in sludge treatment can also lead to transformation of contaminants resulting in an increase in mass flows through the systems. Such an effect was commonly observed for selected PFAS where the average mass flow of the measured compounds increased by 59%, 19%, 2%, 264%, and 13% in AS, P, AE1, AN1, and AN5, respectively (Figure 1). Further, a net increase in mass flow of 4-nonylphenol was consistently observed in all five anaerobic digestion systems. Evidence of reductive debromination of fully brominated PBDE congeners into partially brominated PBDE congeners was also seen in anaerobic digestion systems. Thus, sludge treatment systems can transform precursors to increase contaminant mass flows through treatment. 3.3 Removal is dependent on sludge feed characteristics: The raw sludge fed to sludge treatment processes can differ because of differences in the inputs of contaminants to the sewershed and in the types of wastewater treatment processes generating the sludge. EOC use and release in a given sewershed will be reflected in the contaminant loading from the sludge treatment process. For example, BPA was measured in the raw sludge in all treatment systems except AE2. Since BPA was not detected in the raw sludge at AE2, this substance was also not detected in the biosolids at this treatment system. Differences in upstream wastewater treatment processes design can also impact the EOC content in the final biosolids. For instance, the biosolids where the raw sludge was predominantly composed of primary sludge had less diversity in overall PFAS composition compared to blended raw sludge feeds (primary and waste activated sludge) where a wide variety in PFAS composition was observed. Hence, differences in raw sludge properties were found to impact the biosolids quality following treatment. 3.4 Removal is dependent on the type of sludge treatment: The target compounds behaved differently in physical, chemical and biological treatments leading to different final biosolids quality. For example, while alkaline stabilization was effective in removing PBDEs, anaerobic digestion led to an increase in PBDE mass flows. In addition, the behavior of perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) differed between treatment systems with responses ranging from moderate removal (41%) to substantial formation (-264%). Even in the studied biological processes, there were distinctions between aerobic and anaerobic sludge treatments. For example, PFOA had low levels of net removal (< 25%) during anaerobic digestion (AN3 and AN5) and contrarily a net increase in mass flow by -68% and -282% in aerobic digestion systems (AE1 and AE2 respectively). The differences in transformations was found to impact the final biosolids quality. 3.5 Removal is dependent on the plant operations: Site specific factors, especially in biological treatment systems, such as the solids retention time, staging of the treatment processes and the active microbial consortia appeared to impact contaminant fate through treatment and hence biosolids quality. For instance, BPA was removed in AN2 with an average efficiency of 75% whereas formation of BPA was seen in other anaerobic digestion processes (AN1, AN4 and AN5). In aerobic digestion, there were low levels of average removals of perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) (28%) in plant AE1, whereas AE2 reported low average levels of formation (-11%). A detailed discussion on the site-specific factors and operating conditions that may be responsible for the observed removals and biosolids quality will be presented in the full paper. 4. Significance of the findings This study evaluated contaminant loadings and removal of five major classes of EOCs namely PFAS, PBDEs, alkyl phenol, BPA, and triclosan in different full scale sludge treatment systems. The lessons learned will benefit all stakeholders of the biosolids industry in understanding the responses of EOCs thorough sludge treatment. The removal efficiencies presented in this study will enable the treatment plant managers to appraise the performance of sludge handling systems with respect to EOCs. The contaminant loading estimates could be used to communicate the significance of biosolids quality to end users. Further, there is little information describing contaminant mass balances and overall removal through sludge treatment. This study bridged this critical knowledge gap and addressed major questions related to PFAS, PBDEs and phenolics in physical, chemical and biological sludge treatment processes.

Introduction Greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane and carbon dioxide are common byproducts of chemical reactions within collection systems but are less commonly considered by municipalities during sustainability analyses. Understanding the scope of the impact of these GHGs requires an understanding of their relative effects on global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) created the Global Warming Potential (GWP) metric to compare different GHGs via an equivalency to carbon dioxide (CO2e), the reference gas. Methane has a GWP of 28, meaning that it has 28 times the impact on global warming as compared to carbon dioxide. After outlining and studying the theoretical reactions of sulfide generation in wastewater collection systems and calcium nitrate dosing for sulfide prevention, we hypothesize that dosing calcium nitrate for odor and corrosion control significantly reduces the overall impact of GHGs emitted by wastewater within collection systems. Objective In the proposed paper, we will set the groundwork to understand the theoretical mitigation of methane generation resulting from calcium nitrate dosing in US wastewater collection systems, as well as test the theoretical mitigation with a use case in Manatee County, FL. Theoretical Methodology In an untreated collection system, an anaerobic BOD reduction occurs in the wastewater as follows (all reactions assume methanol as carbon source for simplicity and consistency in comparison): SO4= + 4CH3OH → S= + 4H2O + 2CH4 + 2CO2 In a collection system being dosed with calcium nitrate for sulfide prevention, the intent is to drive an anoxic BOD reduction in the wastewater instead of anaerobic, which occurs as follows: 6NO3- + 5CH3OH → 5CO2 + 3N2 + 7H2O + 6OH- While more CO2 is generated in this reaction versus the anaerobic reaction, no methane is produced. Based on the comparison of these reactions and the GWP of methane, for every 1 lb of sulfide prevented, 25.25 lbs of net CO2e is prevented. Assuming that all GHGs are fully released from the wastewater into the atmosphere, we calculate that a maximum of 11.83 lbs CO2e can be prevented per gallon of 3.5 lb NO3-O/gal solution dosed into collection systems as part of an odor prevention program. In fiscal year 2021, theoretically a maximum of 71,887 metric tons of CO2e could be prevented as a result of all the chemical shipped to customers in the US by Evoqua for use in odor prevention. While it is recognized that a municipality choosing an odor prevention program will be incurring additional GHG emissions via transportation, manufacturing, provision of service, etc, the analysis of the use case study will focus explicitly on changes in GHG emissions specifically related to the theoretical reactions described above in relation to calcium nitrate dosing into the collection system. Application Manatee County Utilities (MCU) operates an expansive collection system involving over 800 lift stations (LS) with many long retention time force mains. The collection system conveys over 22 million gallons per day (MGD) of flow across three service areas to a corresponding wastewater reclamation facility for each service area. To significantly reduce corrosive conditions, MCU set a target atmospheric hydrogen sulfide (H2S) control objective of 20 ppm average and 50 ppm peak. MCU utilizes multiple solutions within their program, including calcium nitrate and pH shift technologies, to achieve these goals. For additional knowledge and to establish a baseline, we decided to also test the methane mitigation from dosing other chemicals by testing sites treated with magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. Four portions of the collection system were selected for sample testing. Two portions, N4B force main to N1B LS and Greenbrook 2 force main to Lakewood Ranch Riverwalk LS, are treated with calcium nitrate. Another section, Pope Road Master LS, receives flow treated with magnesium hydroxide. The final section, Tara 20 LS, receives flow treated with calcium hydroxide. A portable H2S gas monitor was deployed at each injection point and each control point to log continuous sulfide measurements. Grab samples were taken for dissolved sulfides, pH, temperature using gas detector tubes and a calibrated Hach portable pH probe. Gas samples were collected from the headspace of the wet wells using tedlar bags and CO2/CH4 concentrations analyzed via GC/MS by a certified third-party lab. Samples were collected at periodic intervals based on route efficiency and record keeping. Results and Discussion From six sample sets taken from the N4B force main to N1B LS, five showed a decrease in methane concentration from the injection point to the calcium nitrate-treated control point, with an average decrease in methane concentration of 38%. Half the samples showed an increase in CO2 emissions at the control point. Similarly, five of the six sample sets collected at the Greenbrook 2 force main to Lakewood Ranch Riverwalk LS saw a decrease in methane concentration with an average decrease of 13%. CO2 results from Greenbrook 2 mostly decreased in concentration, but only by small fractions. More data is needed to draw conclusions regarding CO2 results. Overall, methane was broadly reduced with nitrate treatment, with an average of 24% reduction in methane emissions during nitrate dosing. The CH4 concentrations at Pope Road Master LS treated with magnesium hydroxide were similar to that of the control points treated with calcium nitrate but showed lower CO2 values. The CH4 and CO2 concentrations at Tara 20 LS treated with calcium hydroxide were similar to the results obtained from the control points of N4B force main to N1B LS and Greenbrook 2 force main to Lakewood Ranch Riverwalk LS. This paper will go further into the analysis of the results, discussing outliers, testing challenges, and comparing test results to theoretical assumptions. We will also discuss the immediate and future steps to support the project, such as utilizing a continuous method of data collection for more robust data to decrease standard deviation. Another municipality has expressed interest in continuing the research within their collection system, which will provide more information on methane mitigation regarding different collection system designs, climates, and wastewater characteristics. We will also discuss the long-term sustainability target of evaluating GHG emission impacts from the full life cycle of calcium nitrate dosing for odor control, including manufacturing and transportation impacts. Benefits The theoretical mitigation calculation method would allow any municipality to calculate the methane mitigation they are achieving as a result of their odor control program utilizing calcium nitrate, making it easier to quantify the sustainability benefit of the program and communicate it with their community. As sustainability metrics become more important, including GHG metrics, these calculations can play a critical role in quantifying the overall GHG impact of the wastewater treatment and collection system and providing an additional method of GHG reduction. In the case of Manatee County (the County), the benefits are less theoretical. The County conducted a GHG Audit that was completed in June 2020, and while it took into consideration the wastewater treatment plants and overall utility operations, it did not examine GHG emissions from the collection system. This audit recommended a reduction of nearly 3,000 metric tons of CO2e a year to reach net zero by 2040. Understanding GHG emissions and particularly methane mitigation of the odor prevention program could allow MCU to demonstrate a more robust view of the wastewater contributors towards GHGs for the County as well as provide potential solutions towards the recommended reduction goal through a method that neither party may have considered beforehand. Whether or not wastewater authorities or utilities have their own GHG goals, they can provide benefit to their municipalities that are more likely to have them, as well as build public support through communicating the sustainability impacts of their operations.

East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) owns and operates a regional Interceptor System that collects, conveys and treats municipal wastewater from seven Satellite agencies. The separated sanitary system, which treats wastewater from approximately 710,000 people, has an average dry weather flow of 52 million gallons per day (MGD). During medium sized storm events, the peak wet weather flows can exceed 700 MGD, representing a peaking factor of almost 14. The significant increase in flows requires the use of three wet weather facilities (WWFs) which perform primary treatment of the flows prior to discharge into San Francisco Bay. In September 2014, EBMUD and its seven Satellite members entered into a negotiated twenty-two-year Consent Decree. The Consent Decree has inflow and infiltration (I&I) reduction targets and prescribed work requirements designed to remove I&I, thereby reducing the number and frequency of sanitary sewer overflows as well as the frequency and volumes discharged from the three WWFs. Additionally, the Consent Decree requires EBMUD to implement a unique asset management-based program to identify specific sources of I&I throughout the regional collection system. This paper aims to describe how EBMUD has employed existing sewer investigation methodologies in novel ways to rapidly isolate the worse acting portions of a sewer subbasin at the few hundred-foot level and to locate specific sources allowing I&I to enter the system. The methodology to rapidly drill down within a subbasin to identify the portions of the contributing area which provide the most I&I is a wet weather flow isolation investigation. Flow isolation investigations take place immediately following a large rainfall event or series of rainfall events when soil saturation levels are elevated and occur between the hours of 12:00 AM and 5:00 AM. Since sanitary base flows are typically low during the investigation hours, flow that is observed in the system during this investigation period can predominantly be attributed to I&I. Flow measurements are taken at multiple locations within the investigation area during a short period of time. Additionally, a downstream flow meter is installed to record flows generated from the entire inspection area during the investigation period. The measured flows are then mass balanced (upstream flows subtracted from downstream flows) to determine which portions of the subbasin are contributing the most I&I during the investigation period. This methodology produces a subbasin wet weather heat map depicting the post-storm I&I rates in the project area, as demonstrated in Figure 1. The sewer assets in the heat map are color coded into normalized I&I color classes of gallons per day/inch diameter mile (GPD/IDM) ranges, indicating areas with low and high I&I contribution. These heat maps effectively demonstrate which areas are contributing the most I&I. For instance, in the project area shown in Figure 1, you can see that 85% of the total I&I generated in the subbasin was generated in just 8% (575 feet) of the total subbasin pipe length. This finding was confirmed during a late-night post-storm closed-circuit television (CCTV) investigation. During the wet weather flow isolation investigations, videos are taken at all maintenance holes (MHs) where active sources of I&I are observed. These videos have shown that many active sources of I&I are observed during wet weather that are not identified during a typical MH inspection. The method employed to identify specific sources of I&I includes utilizing smoke testing simultaneously with a CCTV inspection. This methodology visually locates and confirms the existence of a defect or other component in the sanitary sewer system allowing I&I to enter the sanitary system. This investigation type is performed as a follow-up to traditional sanitary sewer smoke testing and is utilized when smoke has been found to exit a storm water catch basin, indicative of a cross-connection of some type between the sanitary sewer and storm water systems. During the investigation, smoke is first blown into the sanitary sewer system until the smoking catch basin is activated. The smoke is then feathered down to a lighter density and a CCTV camera is inserted into the storm water sewer via either the smoking catch basin or a nearby connected maintenance hole (MH). The camera traverses the storm line until it captures the source of smoke as it enters the storm water pipe either by direct confirmation of a defect or by isolating the general location based on relative smoke density in the pipe. The smoke is then cleared and the CCTV camera is inserted into the sanitary sewer main at the identified general location in an effort to identify the discrete defect or other component that allowed the exfiltration of smoke. Typically, dye tests are performed as the go-to follow-up investigation to confirm a cross-connect between the two systems when a smoking catch basin is discovered during smoke testing. Dye test effectiveness is reduced when dealing with either elevated cross-connects between the two systems or 'indirect' connections. For elevated connections, sufficient dye must be introduced into the storm system to crest the invert and activate the connection. Dye test effectiveness is also reduced when the connection is 'indirect', such as offset joints in both the sanitary and storm water systems existing within close proximity of each other. With traditional dye testing source verification, EBMUD has had a positive source identification rate of just less than 25 percent. EBMUD has found that combination smoke/CCTV has proven to be a more efficacious and cost-effective follow-up method. As provided in Table 1, preliminary results to date of all completed investigations provide a 75% success rate at identifying a specific source allowing I&I into the sanitary system - a 300% improvement over traditional dye testing.

The Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, SEMCOG, recently finalized a 7-county analysis of water infrastructure investment needs through 2045 for linear drinking water, sanitary sewer and stormwater assets. Based on the findings, an estimated $3.5 billion is necessary for continued protection of public health. Combined with transportation investment needs, the total annual investment is nearly $5 billion just to keep linear assets in good condition. This does not take into account other significant investment needs to address water treatment, wastewater treatment and extreme flooding events. With recent (June – July 2021), severe flooding events in the 7-county, Southeast Michigan Region, regional flood mitigation planning for future infrastructure investments has risen to the forefront. To support local, regional and state infrastructure planning efforts, SEMCOG is utilizing results from a future precipitation analysis, a flood risk study, and a regional asset data collection and condition assessment effort to address increased rainfall and extreme flooding events. Based on the future precipitation analysis, it is expected that the lack of stormwater collection capacity and flooded property and roadways will be exacerbated unless there are significant investment efforts and implementation of a collaborative management strategy. This presentation will share findings and products from that address regional climate resiliency including: - Precipitation estimates using regional climate models for 2050 and 2100; - A flood risk tool for transportation assets including roads, bridges, culverts, and pump stations; - A flooding app to track localized flooding locations; - A regional guidance document with alternatives to addressing future rain events in infrastructure planning and design; - Water infrastructure investment need estimates and background methodology for continued updates; and - A collaborative capital improvement project coordination tool across public and private utilities for future infrastructure planning. These regional projects represent valuable insight into the interwoven practices of transportation planning, stormwater management, and capital improvement investment. Learning Objectives Attendees of this session will learn about the methodology to estimate investment needs across a large regional metropolitan area. They will also learn about the flood risk tool for roads, bridges, culverts and pump stations; the flooding app to track local flooded locations; and their applicability in the long-range transportation planning process. Additionally, participants will learn of the future precipitation estimates for the region for small and large rain events and understand alternative approaches to integrating these estimates into planning/design efforts. Finally, attendees will understand how the region is supporting more coordinated project planning efforts for long-term cost savings and protection of public health.

Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are a large family of organic compounds, including more than 4,000 synthetic fluorinated organic chemicals used since the 1940s. PFAS have unique surfactant properties that make them repel both water and oil. Because of these properties, they have been used extensively in firefighting foams, surface coatings, and protectant formulations for consumer products, including paper and cardboard packaging products, carpets, leather products and clothing, construction materials, and nonstick coatings (ITRC, 2020). Manufacturers of these items often discharge to Water Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRFs). Landfill leachate discharge and household sewage are also common sources of PFAS in WRRF influent. Conventional WRRFs have proven to be relatively ineffective in removal of PFAS and discharge from WRRF is considered a major source of PFAS in the environment (Ahrens 2011, Chen et al., 2018). There is mounting evidence that continued exposure above specific levels of certain PFAS may lead to adverse health effects (USEPA 2016a, 2016b, ATSDR 2018a). PFAS concentrations in wastewater and sludge or biosolids are mass loading based. Long chain PFAS compounds discharged into WRRFs partition to the solids and end up in the resulting sludge or biosolids. The presence of PFAS in WRRF biosolids has raised a concern in the recent years for beneficial land application programs as PFAS could mobilize in soil, leach into run-off, infiltrate into groundwater or be taken up by biota (Lindstrom et al. 2011, Rich et al. 2015, Sepulvado et al. 2011). Within the PFAS family of compounds, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are the two most common compounds and are a focus of Federal and State drinking water and environmental regulations. These compounds were commonly used in the manufacture of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) for fighting aircraft fuel fires and other industrial and commercial products. In February 2019, the US EPA developed an action plan to limit human exposure to potentially harmful levels of PFAS in the environment. The short-term action plan includes testing for measurable PFAS and PFAS precursors in biosolids. The action plan was updated in February 2020 indicating that EPA is developing a risk assessment to better understand the potential public health and ecological risks associated specifically with PFOA and PFOS in land-applied biosolids. With mounting concern about the presence of PFAS in biosolids and the lack of specific guidance from the US EPA regarding the risks of these compounds within biosolids, some states have begun their own evaluations on this topic with suggested concentration limits of PFAS in biosolids used for land application. However, state regulatory agencies do not have a consistent approach to managing PFAS in biosolids. These concerns coupled with lack of consistent guidelines from the US EPA and state regulators has caused utilities to consider alternatives to eliminate the presence of PFAS in biosolids to minimize their risk exposure to potential future regulatory standards. As a result, technologies which can effectively destroy PFAS in biosolids based products are being investigated. One such technology is pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is the conversion or cracking of biomass or biosolids at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. As most organics are thermally unstable, they can be split in a pyrolysis process by a combination of thermal cracking and condensation reactions into gaseous (pyrogas), liquid (bio-oil), and solid (biochar) fractions. With limited research available on the ability of pyrolysis to eliminate PFAS from biosolids and the fate of PFAS in the resulting effluents (solids, liquid, and air), there is a need to provide actual data for engineers and planners to evaluate as to the actual performance of the pyrolysis process with respect to PFAS reduction and fate. Jacobs and CharTech Solutions (CharTech) recently partnered to investigate the application of CharTech's High Temperature Pyrolysis Technology for biosolids management, and its efficacy in eliminating PFAS from the solid fraction. In addition, the transformation or elimination of PFAS compounds by measuring concentrations in the resultant bio-oil and pyrogas produced from the pyrolysis process were evaluated. This is one of the first analyses done using dried biosolids which captured PFAS data from the all output matrices including the resultant char, bio-oil and pyrogas fractions resulting from the pyrolysis of biosolids. Bench scale testing was performed in a continuously fed pyrolysis unit to compare the PFAS removal performance at 500 °C and 700 °C pyrolysis temperatures. Dried biosolids tested in the bench scale test were derived from un-stabilized waste activated sludge produced from two WRRFs operated by Jacobs. The solids were previously dewatered with belt filter presses to approximately 20 percent solids and subsequently dried in a batch thermal dryer fired with natural gas to evaporate water, resulting in a biosolids product that was approximately 93 percent solids. The dried biosolids material previously met Class A Exceptional Quality biosolids product status by achieving all pathogen and vector-attraction reduction requirements, as well as meeting the concentration limits of heavy metals according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 503 Rule. Twenty eight of the most commonly measured PFAS compounds were analyzed in the feed biosolids, biochar, bio-oil and 31 PFAS compounds were analyzed in the pyrogas. Only six PFAS compounds (10:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, PFOS, N-Et PFO sulfonamidoacetic acid, N-Me PFO sulfonamidoacetic acid, Perfluorohexanoic acid, and Perfluoroundecanoic acid) were measured above the detection limits in the feed biosolids. Three PFAS compounds were detected in the biochar at the 500 °C pyrolysis temperature (Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, Perfluorohexanoic acid, Perfluorooctanoic acid), all at less than 0.5 ppb (dry weight). No PFAS compounds were detected in biochar at the 700 °C pyrolysis temperature. PFOS was measured at 26.6 ppb in the feed biosolids but not detected in the biochar, bio-oil or pyrogas at either pyrolysis temperature. Although not detected in the dried biosolids, PFOA was detected at very low concentrations in biochar and pyrogas indicating a lack of complete destruction and/or transformation of precursor compounds during pyrolysis. Higher concentration of Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in pyrogas at 500 °C compared to 700 °C was observed, suggesting greater destruction of PFHxA at a higher temperature. To better understand the PFAS fate through the pyrolysis process, mass balance analysis on biochar, bio-oil and pyrogas streams were conducted and removals of PFAS were estimated. The result of mass balance analysis indicated a total measured PFAS mass removal of 84.4% and 95.6% for 500 °C and 700 °C, respectively for all the PFAS tested in this study. This paper will describe in detail the testing apparatus and procedures used and provide a full description of the results measured. The information will be useful for engineers, planners, scientists, utilities, regulators and others interested in the evaluation of pyrolysis as a potential biosolids management alternative to minimize PFAS in biosolids.

For the past several years, the Water Environment Federation 'Recommendations to Improve the Stormwater Program in the U.S.' included 'Improve[ing] Stormwater Infrastructure Needs Data Collection.' The recommendation asks State Revolving Fund program managers to ensure that stormwater assets are included during Clean Watershed Needs Survey (CWNS) data to support advocacy for increased stormwater funding. Historically, less than half of states have reported stormwater asset needs in the CWNS. Today, few communities conduct proactive condition assessment and comprehensive master planning for stormwater systems and lack an understanding of long-term compliance costs. For stormwater needs to receive national recognition, program managers need to understand the condition of their assets, short and long-term costs, and the staffing and labor necessary to sustain their programs. If we can't clearly define our infrastructure, resiliency, compliance, and planning needs, we can't expect to get critical funding for it. In 2022, the EPA is conducting the next round of CWNS. This is an important opportunity for stormwater programs. The states often relying on local wastewater utilities to generate documentation that meets EPA standards. To meet these standards, all documents must clearly define the NEED, the SOLUTION, and the COSTS of the solution. Typical wastewater supporting documents include Asset Management Plans, Intended Use Plans, various grant and loan applications, and Facility Plans, among others. Stormwater programs may have documents like Preliminary Design Reports for clean water obligations under Combined Sewer Overflow Long-Term Control Plans, Watershed Management Plans (name varies among states) for impaired waters with implementation cost estimates, grant or loan applications, or Stormwater Master Plans, among others. Many stormwater programs, however, do not have these more traditional engineering reports or capital. EPA has suggested that alternative documentation is permittable, if approved by the agency. This presentation will provide an overview of alternative documentation approaches considered in EPA Region 1, the documentation generated for stormwater needs, and a detailed overview of the approach taken with the state CWNS coordinators. It will complement the EPA CWNS update proposed in an abstract from the EPA National Office, providing additional details on alternative documentation. It could be set up as part of a panel discussion suggested by NMSA on the future of the CWNS and how the stormwater community can better position for future needs documentation.

This presentation provides an update on the progress of two PFAS fate studies through high-temperature biosolids processing systems. PFAS testing at two full-scale sewage sludge incinerators was recently completed under Water Research Foundation Project #5111 and results are expected for publication at the end of 2023. Preliminary PFAS sampling was conducted at the Silicon Valley Clean Water biosolids pyrolysis system and a lab-scale unit commissioned to mimic its operating parameters under a Water Environment Federation collaborative research project. Formal PFAS sampling is expected to occur this summer for the lab-scale unit and early 2024 for the full-scale pyrolysis system. This presentation presents several insights into test plan development and the status of analytical tools available to characterize the fate of PFAS through these systems. Key considerations include identification of relevant operating parameters and emission control devices for process technologies, limitations in reporting limits for gross organoflourine assessments, and recommended best practices for reporting PFAS detection and destruction and removal efficiency data.