Role of an Independent Advisory Panel for Water Reuse and Desalination Projects: Lessons for Developing Countries

The unprecedented growth of the human population is one of the significant drivers that has significantly impacted various aspects of our planet, including water scarcity. As a result, water scarcity has become one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Water scarcity, exacerbated by climate change, is an even more serious as it affects various sectors, including agriculture, industry, and households. Vulnerable communities in middle and lower-income countries are disproportionately affected due to increased water use, which outstrips the supply, facing challenges in securing safe and reliable water sources. Adaptation strategies and sustainable water management practices are essential to address the impacts of climate change on water resources. This includes investing in water-efficient technologies, improving infrastructure for water storage and distribution, and implementing policies that promote conservation and equitable access. South Africa is classified as a low-income country, and grapples with acute water scarcity issues. Municipal water reuse as an alternative and sustainable means of augmenting water supply was formally recognized in national policies in South Africa in 2004. However, it was not until 2011 that South Africa's first direct potable water reuse facility, Beaufort West Reclamation Plant, was commissioned. The slow progress in the implementation of water reuse in South Africa has been attributed to one or a combination of regulatory, institutional, technical, financial, and human capacity-related barriers, as well as low public acceptance. To be specific, inadequate or absent regulations related to water reuse is one of the crucial barriers hindering the establishment of clear guidelines and standards for water quality and treatment processes. Without clear regulations and effective communication, public perception and acceptance of water reuse projects has been negatively impacted. Furthermore, low capacity in terms of technical expertise and financial resources has limited the ability to implement and maintain water reuse projects. Recently, the City of Cape Town, South Africa, faced a severe water crisis, reaching a critical point where it was on the brink of running out of water. This crisis, often referred to as 'Day Zero,' was primarily attributed to a combination of factors, including persistent drought, population growth, and inadequate water resource management. Subsequently, the City has developed a new water program, which consists of a multifaceted approach to diversify its water sources and ensure resilience against future water scarcity. This program includes the development of alternative water sources such as desalination plants, increased use of treated wastewater for non-potable and potable purposes, and exploration of groundwater resources. The City of Cape Town has partnered with the Water Research Commission of South Africa to guide the implementation of their potable water reuse and desalinations projects. One of the roles that has been delegated to the Water Research Commission is the appointment and coordination of activities of an independent advisory panel. This abstract explores the crucial role played by an independent advisory panel in guiding water reuse and desalination projects, drawing valuable lessons applicable to developing countries. By examining the City of Cape Town case, the study sheds light on the significance of impartial expertise in navigating the complexities of such projects. The analysis underscores the importance of transparency, stakeholder engagement, and effective decision-making processes. Furthermore, this case study highlights the pivotal role of the independent advisory panel in serving as a bridge between various stakeholders, providing expertise, oversight, and guidance in the absence of a regulatory framework. This proactive approach helps establish a foundation for responsible and sustainable water management in developing countries, contributing to the overall well-being of communities and ecosystems. The case study also offers practical insights for policymakers, project managers, and stakeholders in developing countries, providing a roadmap for successful implementation and sustainable management of water reuse and desalination initiatives.