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Description: Failure Modes Of Force Mains
Failure Modes Of Force Mains
In a survey of Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) and the National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA) utility subscriber members, it was found that 63% of force mains are composed of ferrous materials (ductile iron, cast iron, and steel). The remaining inventory primarily consists of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) at 14% and prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) at 12%. Therefore, for the purposes of this document, these pipe materials will be the focus.
Author(s)
Water Environment Federation
Contributing authorsJennifer Steffens
SourceWater Environment Federation
Document typeFact Sheet
PublisherWater Environment Federation
Print publication date Jan 2016
Volume / Issue
Content sourceOperator Initiative Advisory Panel
Word count6
Subject keywordsCollection SystemsFerrousinternal corrosionexternal corrosionforce mainsconditiondifferential corrosionoxidationaerationAWWADIPRAexternal loadingpressure transientsPCCPBWPasbestos cementplastichydrogen embrittlementhydraulic pressureOperationOperator TrainingOperator

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