“Applications of Applied-Field in the Disinfection of Water and Waste”

On the last decade, the usage of applied-fields was noted the ability to enhance or assist disinfection processes by either cavitation, catalyzing reactions, producing disinfection agents, altering hydrogen bonding, and/or reducing fouling of UV irradiation tubes. From the literature, the disinfection processes are enhanced by multiple stresses on microorganisms/pathogens in waters, waste, and residuals. The general public and industry has become concerned with infections and disease as a result of ineffective spore, oocyst, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and helminth inactivation. The usage of microwaves and ultrasound is slowly evolving into feasible approaches for disinfecting residuals and waters. In the late 1980s, microwaves had been demonstrated to be effective in disinfecting bacteria, fungi, and spores of bacteria, protozoa, oocysts and helminth eggs. In addition, new approaches on microbial inactivation of different organisms by combined electromagnetic fields have indicated promise.