Lakshminarasimman, Narasimman

Narasimman Lakshminarasimman is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Michigan. He earned his PhD from the University of Waterloo,...

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About Lakshminarasimman, Narasimman

Narasimman Lakshminarasimman is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Michigan. He earned his PhD from the University of Waterloo, Canada in 2024. Previously, he was an onsite research contractor at the US EPA Test Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati for 2.5 years. His research aims to enhance the sustainability of waste and wastewater treatment processes. His PhD work evaluated the process intensification potential of a full-scale MABR plant. In his current research, he is developing biofilm based anaerobic processes for biomethane recovery from food waste and wastewater sludge

Lakshminarasimman, Narasimman

Titles from this speaker

Description: Behavior of Perfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) in Sludge Processing at Nine Canadian...

Behavior of Perfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) in Sludge Processing at Nine Canadian Sludge Handling Facilities

Abstract

The occurrence of emerging organic contaminants such as poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has raised concerns with beneficial land application of biosolids. The purpose of this study was to examine the occurrence and removal/formation of thirteen PFAS occurring in sludge and biosolids from nine Canadian sludge treatment facilities employing alkaline stabilization (AS), pelletization (P), aerobic digestion (AE1, AE2), and anaerobic digestion (AN1 to AN5) processes. Perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) was the most frequently detected compound (>85%) in the biosolids followed by perflurorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorododecanoate (PFDoA). The ΣPFAS-F mass flows in the raw sludge and biosolids were estimated to study the removal performance of different sludge treatment categories. There was a significant increase in mass flow of ΣPFAS-F during pelletization and alkaline stabilization. On the other hand, the mass loadings of ΣPFAS-F decreased at AE2, AN1, AN3, and AN4 by 10 ± 0.2%, 34 ± 0.2%, 10 ± 0.1%, and 38 ± 0.2% through aerobic and anaerobic digestion processes, respectively. Substantial variability in removal/formation characteristics was observed between the biological treatment systems. The findings from this study will better inform the risk assessment and management of exposure to PFAS through biosolids.

SpeakerLakshminarasimman, Narasimman

Presentation time

13:30:00

13:50:00

Session time

13:30:00

14:10:00

SessionPFAS Management in Biosolids

Session number414

TopicMicroconstituents, Research and Innovation

Author(s)

N. LakshminarasimmanS. GewurtzS. SmythW. Parker

Author(s)N. Lakshminarasimman1; S. Gewurtz2; S. Smyth2; W. Parker1;

Author affiliation(s)University of Waterloo, ON1; Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada2

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Oct 2020

DOI10.2175/193864718825157406

Volume / Issue

Content sourceWEFTEC

Word count15

Description: From Seasonal to Year-round Nitrification: Performance Evaluation of North America's...

From Seasonal to Year-round Nitrification: Performance Evaluation of North America's Largest MABR Installation

Abstract

This study evaluated the performance of North America’s largest MABR installation under different operational and seasonal conditions. Total nitrogen (TN) removal improved from 40- 50% when the plant was in a conventional activated sludge configuration to 75-85% after the MABR upgrade. The MABR reduced effluent ammonia during winters and nitrate concentrations during summer to below 10 mg-N/L in both the cases. The nitrification rate in the MABR varied between 0.7-2.2 gNm-2 d -1 with lower nitrification rates observed during reduced airflow operation and winter conditions. The development of thicker biofilms limited ammonia diffusion into the biofilm that resulted in reduced nitrification rate. Increasing the flow of sparging air was able to control the biofilm thickness to improve nitrification. The denitrification rate in the MABR process was between 100-200 gNm-3 d -1 which followed a close trend with nitrification rate. The nitrification rate in the MABR was found to be the rate limiting step for TN removal in the process.

Addition of an MABR to an existing conventional activated sludge process substantially improved TN removal and reduces seasonal spikes in effluent ammonia. The improved TN removal in the plant was due to elevated levels of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the hybrid MABR process.

SpeakerLakshminarasimman, Narasimman

Presentation time

15:30:00

15:50:00

Session time

15:30:00

17:00:00

SessionAlternative Approaches to Intensify Secondary Treatment

Session locationRoom S404a - Level 4

TopicIntermediate Level, Municipal Wastewater Treatment Design, Nutrients

Author(s)

Lakshminarasimman, Narasimman

Author(s)N. Lakshminarasimman 1; D. Celmer-Repin 2 ; J. Mank 3; J. Gagnon 4; M. Reeve 5; J. Peeters 6; W.J. Parker 1; N. Lakshminarasimman 1;

Author affiliation(s)Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada 1; Region of Waterloo, ON, Canada 2 ; Ontario Clean Water Agency, ON, Canada. 3; Veolia Water Technologies 4; Veolia Water Technologies 5; Veolia Water Technologies 6; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada 1; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada 1;

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Oct 2023

DOI10.2175/193864718825159017

Volume / Issue

Content sourceWEFTEC

Word count14

Description: Insights into emerging organic contaminants behavior in different full-scale sludge...

Insights into emerging organic contaminants behavior in different full-scale sludge treatment systems

Abstract

1. Background Sludge treatment processes typically incorporate physical, chemical, and biological unit operations to reduce sludge volume, odour, vector attraction, and pathogens in the product biosolids [1]. Biosolids are regulated with respect to pathogen, nutrient, and heavy metal content if land applied [2]. However, biosolids may also carry a wide range of anthropogenic chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, personal car e products, surfactants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and water and stain resistant coatings [3], collectively called emerging organic contaminants (EOC). The presence of trace levels of EOCs has been identified as a concern associated with their land application as they could potentially mobilize into soil, infiltrate into ground water, or be uptaken by vegetation [4]. While the long-term risks of exposure to humans are relatively unknown, some of the EOCs are known to be toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative [3,4]. Hence, an understanding of the occurrence and fate of EOCs in sludge handling systems that produce biosolids will provide a basis on which risks can be quantified. Further, most studies pertaining to EOCs and wastewater solids only document the contaminant presence in the product biosolids and there is little information on their removal through sludge processing systems. Further, the relative performance of different physical, chemical and biological sludge treatment processes is also largely unknown The objective of this study was to study the behavior of five major classes of EOCs: per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), alkyl phenols and ethoxylate derivatives, bisphenol A (BPA), and triclosan in common sludge treatment systems. The final paper will highlight the key findings from this multi-plant study and discuss the practical implications for biosolids management practices. 2. Study Design Samples of raw sludge and the final stabilized biosolids were collected from nine sludge treatment systems that included pelletization (P), alkaline stabilization (AS), aerobic digestion (AE1 and AE2) and anaerobic digestion (AN1 to AN5) processes. Grab samples were collected in glass jars on three consecutive days within a one-month period in each of 2015 and 2016 and shipped overnight on ice to the lab for contaminant analysis. The target analytes included 13 PFAS, 21 PBDEs, 4 alkyl phenols and ethoxylate derivatives, BPA, and triclosan. All the EOC analyses were conducted by SGS AXYS International (Sidney, BC) following stringent quality control procedures. 3. Major Findings The measured concentrations were used to estimate contaminant mass flows (mg/day) in and out of the system (contaminant concentration ng/g x solids flow kg/day) to assemble contaminant mass balance through the system. Percent removal was then calculated to evaluate the relative performance of the treatment systems. An overview of five major findings from this study are subsequently presented. A detailed discussion on the influence of the contaminant and treatment plant related factors will be included in the final paper. 3.1 All types of sludge treatment lead to EOC removal: While sludge treatment systems are primarily designed to prepare biosolids for subsequent disposition, the results of this study suggest that some removal of EOCs also occurs during the process. Up to 87% removal of triclosan was observed in AE2 during aerobic digestion. Nonylphenol monoethoxylate and diethoxylates were removed in both aerobic (Mono: 59 to 86%; Di: 84 to 95%) and anaerobic digestion (Mono: 35 to 79%; Di: 69 to 96%). Alkaline stabilization, where the raw sludge was stabilized at high pH using lime and cement kiln dust, was effective in reducing Î£PBDE mass flows by 53 ±12%. During pelletization, where the raw sludge was thermally dried and compacted, there were low removals of perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) (17%) and Î£PBDE (6%) mass flows. Hence, all treatments resulted in some degree of contaminant removal but removals differed between technologies. 3.2 Contaminant formation is possible during sludge treatment: The conditions established in sludge treatment can also lead to transformation of contaminants resulting in an increase in mass flows through the systems. Such an effect was commonly observed for selected PFAS where the average mass flow of the measured compounds increased by 59%, 19%, 2%, 264%, and 13% in AS, P, AE1, AN1, and AN5, respectively (Figure 1). Further, a net increase in mass flow of 4-nonylphenol was consistently observed in all five anaerobic digestion systems. Evidence of reductive debromination of fully brominated PBDE congeners into partially brominated PBDE congeners was also seen in anaerobic digestion systems. Thus, sludge treatment systems can transform precursors to increase contaminant mass flows through treatment. 3.3 Removal is dependent on sludge feed characteristics: The raw sludge fed to sludge treatment processes can differ because of differences in the inputs of contaminants to the sewershed and in the types of wastewater treatment processes generating the sludge. EOC use and release in a given sewershed will be reflected in the contaminant loading from the sludge treatment process. For example, BPA was measured in the raw sludge in all treatment systems except AE2. Since BPA was not detected in the raw sludge at AE2, this substance was also not detected in the biosolids at this treatment system. Differences in upstream wastewater treatment processes design can also impact the EOC content in the final biosolids. For instance, the biosolids where the raw sludge was predominantly composed of primary sludge had less diversity in overall PFAS composition compared to blended raw sludge feeds (primary and waste activated sludge) where a wide variety in PFAS composition was observed. Hence, differences in raw sludge properties were found to impact the biosolids quality following treatment. 3.4 Removal is dependent on the type of sludge treatment: The target compounds behaved differently in physical, chemical and biological treatments leading to different final biosolids quality. For example, while alkaline stabilization was effective in removing PBDEs, anaerobic digestion led to an increase in PBDE mass flows. In addition, the behavior of perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) differed between treatment systems with responses ranging from moderate removal (41%) to substantial formation (-264%). Even in the studied biological processes, there were distinctions between aerobic and anaerobic sludge treatments. For example, PFOA had low levels of net removal (< 25%) during anaerobic digestion (AN3 and AN5) and contrarily a net increase in mass flow by -68% and -282% in aerobic digestion systems (AE1 and AE2 respectively). The differences in transformations was found to impact the final biosolids quality. 3.5 Removal is dependent on the plant operations: Site specific factors, especially in biological treatment systems, such as the solids retention time, staging of the treatment processes and the active microbial consortia appeared to impact contaminant fate through treatment and hence biosolids quality. For instance, BPA was removed in AN2 with an average efficiency of 75% whereas formation of BPA was seen in other anaerobic digestion processes (AN1, AN4 and AN5). In aerobic digestion, there were low levels of average removals of perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) (28%) in plant AE1, whereas AE2 reported low average levels of formation (-11%). A detailed discussion on the site-specific factors and operating conditions that may be responsible for the observed removals and biosolids quality will be presented in the full paper. 4. Significance of the findings This study evaluated contaminant loadings and removal of five major classes of EOCs namely PFAS, PBDEs, alkyl phenol, BPA, and triclosan in different full scale sludge treatment systems. The lessons learned will benefit all stakeholders of the biosolids industry in understanding the responses of EOCs thorough sludge treatment. The removal efficiencies presented in this study will enable the treatment plant managers to appraise the performance of sludge handling systems with respect to EOCs. The contaminant loading estimates could be used to communicate the significance of biosolids quality to end users. Further, there is little information describing contaminant mass balances and overall removal through sludge treatment. This study bridged this critical knowledge gap and addressed major questions related to PFAS, PBDEs and phenolics in physical, chemical and biological sludge treatment processes.

The following conference paper was presented at Residuals and Biosolids 2021: A Virtual Event, May 11-13, 2021.

SpeakerLakshminarasimman, Narasimman

Presentation time

13:20:00

13:40:00

Session time

13:00:00

14:00:00

SessionPFAS and Contaminants of Concern in Biosolids

Session number1

Session locationSimu-Live

TopicBiosolids, PFAS/Emerging Contaminants, PPCPs

Author(s)

N. LakshminarasimmanS. GewurtzS. SmythW. Parker

Author(s)N. Lakshminarasimman1; S. Gewurtz2; S. Smyth3; W. Parker4

Author affiliation(s)University of Waterloo 1; Environment and Climate Change Canada 2; Environment Canada 3; University of Waterloo 4;

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date May 2021

DOI10.2175/193864718825157944

Volume / Issue

Content sourceResiduals and Biosolids Conference

Word count13

Description: Rumen-Inspired Anaerobic Dynamic Membrane Bioreactor Enhances Hydrolysis in Food...

Rumen-Inspired Anaerobic Dynamic Membrane Bioreactor Enhances Hydrolysis in Food Waste and Sludge Digestion

Abstract

Abstract A novel acid-phase anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR), inspired by the stomach of ruminant animals, was operated to achieve efficient hydrolysis at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h with minimal membrane fouling. This rumen-mimicking AnDMBR achieved volatile fatty acid (VFA) yields of 0.4 ± 0.2 g VFA/g volatile solids (VS) fed over three years of continuous operation with both mono-digestion of food waste and co-digestion of food waste and wastewater sludge. The bioreactor retained core rumen-associated microbes, such as Prevotella, Prevotella_7, and Bifidobacterium, supporting its adaptability across different feedstocks. These results highlight the rumen-AnDMBR as a robust option for producing VFAs from diverse organic waste streams, suitable for downstream methane or medium chain fatty acid production. Introduction Anaerobic digestion (AD) is widely used to convert organic wastes into renewable bioenergy and nutrient-rich digestate but faces challenges like long retention times. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) have been employed for high-rate anaerobic treatment, retaining biomass and enabling operation at high solids retention time (SRT). However, AnMBRs are challenged by membrane fouling, particularly with high-solids waste streams, which reduces flux and increases maintenance costs (Osman et al., 2023). AnDMBRs offer a cost-effective alternative by using low-cost materials to replace conventional membranes and employing energy-efficient fouling mitigation strategies, such as backwashing and relaxation (Hu et al., 2018). We developed a novel AnDMBR that simulates the rumen environment and rumination processes, such as regurgitation and mastication (Fonoll et al., 2024). In this system, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) is decoupled from the SRT by forming a dynamic membrane on a mesh that supports the growth of microbes enhancing hydrolysis and fermentation (Mason and Stuckey, 2016). By periodically breaking the biofilm, similar to regurgitation and mastication in ruminants, the system reduces the inhibitory effects of high volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations, creating a favorable environment for microbial activity and enhancing hydrolysis. The rumen-AnDMBR successfully produced an average VFA yield of 0.55 ± 0.12 g of VFA/g of VS during mono-digestion of food waste (FW) at an OLR of 18 ± 2 g VS/Lreactor/d (Fonoll et al., 2024). In comparison, conventional AD systems that operate acid-phase treatment of FW typically produce around 0.3--0.4 g VFA/ g VS at an organic loading rate (OLR) below 11 g VS/Lreactor/d (Jiang et al., 2013; Lim et al., 2008). FW typically has high compositional variability compared to feedstocks like animal manure or wastewater sludge leading to challenges such as poor hydrolysis and VFA accumulation in mono-digestion systems (Dalke et al., 2021). Co-digestion of FW with organic wastes such as animal manure, lignocellulosic waste, and sludge can mitigate these issues by providing alkalinity, supplemental nutrients, and diverse microbial communities (Karki et al., 2021). However, FW generally offers a higher methane yield than other organic wastes, which can decrease with co-digestion due to dilution effects (Li et al., 2020; Luo et al., 2024). Co-digestion of FW with sludge has not been previously explored in rumen-mimicking AD systems. The lack of co-digestion studies with rumen-mimicking systems motivated us to study co-digestion of FW and sludge in a rumen-inspired AnDMBR. We demonstrated the long-term (over three years) stability of the rumen-AnDMBR process under FW mono-digestion and FW and sludge co-digestion. The hydrolysis performance data were complemented with 16S rRNA gene sequencing data to understand changes in a few key rumen microbial populations in response to operational changes. Materials and Methods Liquid and solid rumen contents collected from a fistulated cow at the Michigan State University dairy farm (East Lansing, MI, USA) and first-phase digestate obtained from the Flint Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) (Flint, MI, USA) were used to inoculate the rumen-AnDMBR. FW was collected from two dining halls at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI). A blend of 60% primary and 40% thickened waste activated sludge, referred to as wastewater sludge in this study, was collected from the holding tank at the Ann Arbor WRRF (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). A 6.2 L AnDMBR was operated to mimic rumen conditions (Fig. 1) where a dynamic membrane containing a cake layer of biofilm and solids was formed, broken, and reformed on a 147 Âµm pore size mesh support during a 21 h period each day. The pH in the rumen-AnDMBR was maintained between 6.2--6.3 by automatically dosing 2.5 N NaOH. The operating conditions for the rumen-AnDMBR at different periods are summarized in Table 1. The FW, wastewater sludge, bulk digestate, and permeate samples were collected twice a week for chemical analyses. Total and suspended solids concentrations (APHA, 2012) were measured to adjust SRT; while COD concentrations (Hach, Loveland, CO, USA), and VFAs (Fonoll et al., 2024) were analyzed to determine the hydrolysis rate and VFA yield observed under different operating conditions. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on the digestate samples to evaluate the microbial community structure and identify key microbes responsible for hydrolysis function. DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing procedures have been detailed in Fonoll et al. (2024). The DNA sequences were analyzed using DADA2 (Callahan et al., 2016). The hydrolysis rate constant (d-1) was calculated using a steady-state particulate COD mass-balance approach in a continuously stirred tank reactor: khyd =[(Qin x Cin) - (Qdig x Cdig + Qperm x Cperm)]/ Cdig x V , where Qin, Qdig, and Qperm represent the flow rates of feed, wasted digestate, and permeate in the rumen bioreactor, respectively. Cin, Cdig, and Cperm represent the particulate COD concentrations of feed, digestate, and permeate, respectively. V is the volume of the bioreactor. The net VFA yields, reported in this study in terms of COD, are values calculated after subtracting the concentration of the respective VFAs in the feed. Results and Discussion Rumen-AnDMBR achieved high VFA yields and microbial adaptability under varied feedstock conditions The hydrolysis rate constants were consistently maintained across both mono- and co-digestion periods, highlighting the rumen-AnDMBR's adaptability to varied feedstocks, even with the dilution effect introduced by sludge (Fig. 2). The average net VFA yields in the rumen-AnDMBR was 0.42 ± 0.18 g VFA/g VS for FW mono-digestion and 0.35 ± 0.18 g VFA/g VS for co-digestion, reaching the upper limits of the typical range. This sustained VFA yield demonstrates the rumen-AnDMBR's robustness in maintaining hydrolysis and fermentation efficiency at a higher loading rate, even when feedstock characteristics vary, positioning it as a resilient alternative to conventional systems. The relative abundance of select genera was investigated to understand the retention of known hydrolytic rumen microbial populations, originating from the rumen inoculum, in the rumen-AnDMBR (Fig. 3). The genera Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Fibrobacter, typically present in the rumen microbiome, are highly efficient in cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, which are critical for VFA production (Mizrahi et al., 2021). Prevotella and Bifidobacterium maintained their abundance across mono- and co-digestion periods. Prevotella, which peaked during the mono-digestion period, was replaced by Prevotella_7 as a dominant genus in the co-digestion period, reflecting the system's ability to adapt to changing feedstock conditions. The fiber-degrading genera Ruminococcus and Fibrobacter exhibited relatively low abundances, likely attributed to the low fiber content of the feedstock. However, the increase in the relative abundance of Ruminococcus during the co-digestion period indicates some potential for fiber degradation. With steady hydrolysis rates, high VFA yields at high OLRs, and adaptable microbial dynamics, the rumen-AnDMBR demonstrates strong potential as a scalable, resilient solution for sustainable waste processing across diverse waste streams. Acknowledgements We thank Steve Donajkowski, Ethan Kennedy, and Tom Yavaraski for technical assistance. Thanks also to the staff at Michigan State University dairy farm, Flint and Ann Arbor WRRFs, and the University of Michigan dining halls. We also thank Yuang Guo, Victor Luk, Jenna Kutscher, Evan Zalek, Brianna Jimenez, Olivia Sherman, Sofia Martinez Cantu, and Alisson Villarreal Hurtado for their contributions to this work. This work was funded by the Department of Energy (DE-FOA-0002203_FY20_BETO_Multi-Topic).

This paper was presented at the WEF Residuals & Biosolids and Innovations in Treatment Technology Joint Conference, May 6-9, 2025.

SpeakerLakshminarasimman, Narasimman

Presentation time

11:25:00

11:45:00

Session time

10:45:00

11:45:00

SessionAcademic Advancements in Digestion and Fugitive Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Session number2

Session locationBaltimore Convention Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

TopicAnaerobic co-digestion, Biomethane, Lipids/proteins/carbohydrates ratio, TWAS, Manure, SSO, Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Biogas Production, Energy recovery, food waste, Greenhouse Gases, Membrane bioreactor, Nitrous oxide, Resource Recovery, Sustainability And Social Responsibility

Author(s)

Karki, Renisha, Starostka, Renata, Lakshminarasimman, Narasimman, Puente, Pedro, Fairley-Wax, Timothy, Zhu, Kuang, Skerlos, Steven, Raskin, Lutgarde

Author(s)R. Karki1, R. Starostka1, N. Lakshminarasimman1, P. Puente1, T. Fairley-Wax1, K. Zhu1, S. Skerlos1, L. Raskin1

Author affiliation(s)University of Michigan, 1University of Michigan Dept of Civil & Env Eng, 1University of Michigan, 1University of Michigan, 1University of Michigan, 1University of Michigan Dept of Civil & Env Eng, 1University of Michigan, 1

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date May 2025

DOI10.2175/193864718825159766

Volume / Issue

Content sourceResiduals and Biosolids Conference

Word count14

Description: Ten Years After: The Status of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) in Canadian...

Ten Years After: The Status of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) in Canadian Biosolids and Their Fate Through Solids Treatment Processes

Abstract

Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants such as polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in biosolids are a concern as these contaminants may be transported into the environment during land application. This study monitored the concentration of 21 PBDE congeners in raw sludge and biosolids collected from nine sludge treatment facilities across Canada that employed 4 different solids treatment processes. The overall ΣPBDE-Br concentration varied between 0.25 to 1.5 μg-Br/g dry weight. Deca-BDE (BDE-209) was the predominantly occurring congener and its concentration constituted 40-65% of the overall ΣPBDE-Br concentration in both raw sludge and biosolids samples. Tri-, hepta-, and octa- BDE made up less than 1% of the overall ΣPBDE-Br in the raw sludge and biosolids samples. Contaminant mass balances were assembled around the treatment systems and the overall fate of the PBDEs was found to depend upon the treatment technology. While there was no significant change in mass flow during pelletization, ΣPBDE-Br mass flow was reduced by approximately 30% during alkaline stabilization. The removal of PBDE was not consistent in aerobic or anaerobic digestion treatment systems.

SpeakerLakshminarasimman, Narasimman

Presentation time

14:30:00

14:50:00

Session time

13:30:00

15:30:00

SessionEmerging Topics in Microconstituents

Session number402

TopicMicroconstituents

Author(s)

N. LakshminarasimmanS. GewurtzW. ParkerS.A. Smyth

Author(s)N. Lakshminarasimman1; S. Gewurtz2; W. Parker1; S.A. Smyth2;

Author affiliation(s)Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo1; Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada2

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Oct 2020

DOI10.2175/193864718825157392

Volume / Issue

Content sourceWEFTEC

Word count21

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